Handbook Of Omt Review Chapter 7

Front 1

Gluteus maximus

Back 1

primary hip extensor

Front 2

iliopsoas

Back 2

primary hip flexor

Front 3

quadriceps

Back 3

primary knee extensor

Front 4

semimebranosis and semitendinosis

Back 4

primary knee flexors

Front 5

Quad muscles

Back 5

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius muscles

Front 6

hamstring muscles

Back 6

posterior thihg muscles, include the semitendinosus, semimembranosis, and biceps femoris muscles

Front 7

Femoroacetabular ligaments

Back 7

iliofemoral ligmanet, ischiofemoral ligament, pubufemoral ligament, and capitis femoris.

Front 8

Knee joints: ACL

Back 8

connects the antior tibia to the posterior femur. Prevents knee hyperextension.

Front 9

Knee joints: PCL

Back 9

connects the posterior tibia to the anterior femur (prevents knee hyperflexion)

Front 10

Lateral collateral ligament

Back 10

connects the femoral lateral eipicondyle to the lateral surface of the fibular head

Front 11

Medial collateral ligament

Back 11

connects the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle and superier aspect of the medial surface of the tibia. Physically connected to the medial meniscus.

Front 12

Anterior and posterior drawer test

Back 12

Used to assess the ACL and PCL. The patient lies supine with one knee flexed. The physician sits on the patient's foot of the flexed leg and places both hands behind the tibia, with both thumbs placed at the joint line bilaterally. The tibia is then pulled anteriorly to test the ACL. Tibia is pushed posterioly, testing the PCL.

Front 13

Apley's compression and distraction tests

Back 13

Assess the menisci and ligaments of the knee. The patient lies prone and flexes his knee to 90 degrees. The physician presses straight down onto the heel and internally and externally rotates the tibia. Pain is indicative of meniscal tear.
Then, with the distraction test, the physician pulls up on the foot and internally and externally rotates the tibia. Pain is indicative of ligamentous injury, particulary collateral ligaments.

Front 14

lachmans' test

Back 14

evaluates the stability of the ACL. patient lies supine and the physician grasps the proximal tibia with one hand and the distal femur with the other. The physician then flexes the knee to 30 degrees and then pulls the tibia forward. Excessive anterior movement of the tibia renders the test positive, and indicates an ACL tear.

Front 15

McMurray's Test

Back 15

Identifies the existence of tears of the posterior aspect of the menisci. The patient assumes the prone or seated position. The lateral meniscus is evaulated by the physician by fully flexing the knee while also palpating th elateral aspect of the joint line. The tivia is then internally rotated and the knee is varus stressed. While maintaining this position, the leg is slowly extended as the lateral knee is palpaed. The test is positive if a clikc is appreciated. Do while in external rotation.

Front 16

Patellar femoral grinding test

Back 16

Assess the integrity of the posterior patellar surface and the trochlear groove of the feumur. The patient lies supine with the legs relaxed. The clinician slides the patella distally, and then instructs the patient to flex his quadriceps while the clinician offers some resistance to the patella. The patellar moement should be smooth and gliding, free of crepitation.

Front 17

Femoral nerve

Back 17

L2-L4.

Front 18

Sciatic nerve

Back 18

L4-S3, the main branch of the sacral plexus and is th elargest nerve in the body. 2 Divisions: Tivial divison of the sciatic nerve and peroneal (common fibular) division of the sciatic nerve.

Front 19

Femoral head angulation

Back 19

The angulation between the neck of the femur and the shaft of the femur. >135 degrees = coxa valgum. <120 degrees = coxa varum.

Front 20

Q angle

Back 20

The angulation between a line drawn fom the ASIS through the middle of the patella and a line from the tibial tubercle through the middle of the patella.
>12 degrees = genu valgum
<10 degrees = genu varum

Front 21

Fibular head movement

Back 21

Pronation of the foot causes the fibular head to move anteriorly.
Supination of the foot causes the fibular head to move posteriorly.

Front 22

Posterior fibular head

Back 22

Restricted anterior glide of the fibular head plus the foot appears more supinated.

Front 23

Anterior fibular head

Back 23

restricted posterior glide of the fibular head plus the food appears more pronated.

Front 24

Compartment syndrome

Back 24

Increase in intracompartmental pressure in the lower leg, it usually results from trauma or severe overuse of the leg. There are 4 compartments within the lower leg. If the pressure becomes too great, the arterial perfusion may be decreased, necessitating a surgical fasciotomy. The latte ris generally reserved for severe cases of compartment syndrome that can occur after truama, especially cases that cause accumulation of blood or excessive edema in any of the compartments.

Front 25

Lateral compartment

Back 25

Due to hyperpronation of the foot, pain is posterioinferior to the lateral malleolus

Front 26

Superficial posterior

Back 26

Produce the common shin splints

Front 27

Deep posterior

Back 27

pain medial and slightly anterior to the mid-tibia. It occurs most frequently in novice runners, and is due to strain of the posterior tibial tendon, the flexor digitorum longus, and the flexor halluscis longus muscles

Front 28

Anterior

Back 28

Most common one, characterized by a hard, tender anterior tibialis. Produces the lateral shin splints.

Front 29

Muscle injury

Back 29

sprain

Front 30

ligamentous injury

Back 30

sprain

Front 31

Lateral femoral patellar tracking syndrome

Back 31

Strong vastus lateralis and weak vastus medialis, resulting from a wide Q angle such as that often found in women. This ultimately results in lateral deviation of the patella that eventually causes irregular or more rapid wear of the patellar posterior surfac.e Patients will exhibit deep knee pain that is exacerbated by climbing stairs. Treatment is geared towards exercises to strengthen the vastus medialis such as extending the leg against resistance.

Front 32

O'Donahue's Triad

Back 32

Terrible triad. Extremely common knee injury, and involves the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus. Results from being struck on the lateral side of the knee (valgus stressed)

Front 33

Popliteal (Baker's cyst)

Back 33

Enlargement of the semimembranosis bursa. In adults, it may be a result of a meniscal tear, rheumatoid arthritis, or othe rjoint dysfunction. It is located lateral to the medial hamstring in the popliteal fossa.

Front 34

Osgood-Schlatter disease

Back 34

Involves the tibial tuberosity, and is most common in those who are 11-15 years old. it is accompained by pain and swelling over the tibial tuberosity, and is exacerbated by squatting, climbinb stairs, and extending the knee against resistance. Radiographically, the tibial tuberoity may appear separated with new bone growht beneath it. Treatment is primarily geared towards modifying physical activity to decrease stress on the tendon.

Front 35

Chondromalacia patellae

Back 35

This disorder is characterized by softening and fraying of the patellar cartilage. Causes anterior knee pain, bilateral, and usually exacerbated by climbing hills or stairs. Treatment involves NSAIDS and activity modification.

Front 36

Talocrucral joint

Back 36

A hinge joint that is the articulation between the medial malleolus and the talus. The main motion of this joint is plantar flexion and dorsiflexion.

Front 37

Subtalar joint

Back 37

The articulation between the talus and the calcaneus. This joint acts as a shock absorber and also allows internal and external rotaiton of th eleg while the foot is planted on the floor.

Front 38

Deltoid ligament

Back 38

Medial stabilizer of the ankle. It serves to prevent excessive pronation. This ligament is so strong that is rarely sprains, the medial malleolus is more likely to fracture.

Front 39

Longitudinal arches

Back 39

Comprised of the medial and lateral longitudianal arches. The medial longitudinal arch involves the first three metatarsals, the cuneiforms, the navicular, and talus. The lateral longitudinal arch involves the 4th and 5th metatarsals, the cuboid, and the calcaneus.

Front 40

Heel spur

Back 40

Chronic irritation of inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis can cause calcium deposition, resulting in a heel spur.

Front 41

SD of the arches of the foot

Back 41

The most common is the transverse arch. The usual cause id sisplacement of the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms. This is a painful condition, common to people who are actively on their feet for long periods of strenuous time.