H Bio, Ch #16

Front 1

Population Genetics

Back 1

Biological field that deals with change within species

Hint 1

1. The field of a scientist studying polymorphic traits in turtle

2. Population genetics attempts to answer the question of why are species different

Front 2

Gene Pool

Back 2

Compendium of all the genes and alleles of a specific population of a species

Hint 2

1. All the genes of alligators in the Florida Everglades

2. Gene pools do not refer to all the organisms in a species, just in a local population

Front 3

Population

Back 3

All the members of a species in a specific geographic location

Hint 3

2.Populations of organisms are often very inbred

Front 4

Evolution

Back 4

The difference in populations of species throughout time

Hint 4

2. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution

Front 5

Polymorphic

Back 5

A population that has a gene pool with multiple alleles for a trait

Hint 5

2. Populations can be polymorphic for many traits

Front 6

Genetic Variation

Back 6

The differences among individuals in the same species

Hint 6

2. Genetic variation is why apples don't taste exactly alike

Front 7

Mutation

Back 7

Error in the sequence of a cell's DNA that can be silent, harmful, or helpful

Hint 7

1. If an A base is paired with a C base

2. Although mutations can kill us they are responsible for evolution

Front 8

Genetic Recombination

Back 8

The process of creating new genetic combinations during crossing over in meiosis

Hint 8

1. A chromosome replacing it's A allele with an a allele during crossing over

2. Genetic recombination is the second highest cause for genetic variation

Front 9

Hardy-Weinberg Model/Equation

Back 9

Mathematical model that calculates allele frequencies under ideal conditions

Hint 9

2. The Hardy-Weinberg Model shows the stability of allele frequencies over time

Front 10

p

Back 10

Variable in the Hardy-Weinberg equation standing for the frequency of the A allele

Hint 10

1. The frequency of purple flowers in a population

2. P can stand for a dominant and recessive allele

Front 11

q

Back 11

Variable in the Hardy-Weinberg equation standing for the frequency of the B allele

Hint 11

1. The frequency of white flowers in a population

2. The Hardy-Weinberg equation would be unchanged if written q+p=1

Front 12

p^2

Back 12

Variable in the Hardy-Weinberg equation standing for the frequency of homozygous plants of the A variable in the next generation

Hint 12

1. Frequency of PP flowers in the 2nd generation of a population

2. The frequency of purple flowers in the 3rd generation will be (p^2)^2

Front 13

2pq

Back 13

Variable in the Hardy-Weinberg equation standing for the frequency of heteorzygous plants in the next generation

Hint 13

1. Frequency of Pp plants in the 2nd generation of the population

2. The 2pq number will be larger than the p^2 or q^2 number

Front 14

q^2

Back 14

Variable in the Hardy-Weinberg equation standing for the frequency of homozygous plants of variable B in the next generation

Hint 14

1. Frequency of pp plants in the 2nd generation of a population

2. Even though q^2 may be a recessive trait its frequency will stay stable through generations

Front 15

Microevolution

Back 15

The branch of evolution focusing on the differences in species over many generations

Hint 15

1. Differences in horses since the 1300's

2. Macroevolution looks at a much longer period of time than microevolution

Front 16

Natural Selection

Back 16

Process of changing the gene pool by having only the members of a population with the best traits reproduce

Hint 16

2. Natural selection is how organisms develop such specific defense mechanisms

Front 17

Gene Flow

Back 17

Change in the gene pool due to distant organisms entering the population

Hint 17

1. A Siberian bear entering the population of Grizzly Bears

2. When European discovered Americas there was a major gene flow

Front 18

Genetic Drift

Back 18

Arbitrary differences in the frequencies of alleles

Hint 18

1. A generation of Chickadees who have a random red streak

2. Genetic drift is not a factor in large populations

Front 19

Founder Effect

Back 19

A type of genetic drift that deals with the starters of new populations

Hint 19

1. Two parrots who fly to a new island who just happen to have slightly less yellow feet than the normal population

2. The founder effect means that it may be hard to tell where different species of animal evolved from

Front 20

Inbreeding

Back 20

Steady increase of homozygous alleles due to loss of genetic variation

Hint 20

1. Why male cheetahs have misshaped sperm

2. Because of the harmful effects of inbreeding incest is not approved of

Front 21

Population Bottleneck

Back 21

A period of time where a population of a species was substantially lowered and inbreeding occurred

Hint 21

1. 3 generations where only 27 Rhinos were left alive in a Savannah

2. Population bottlenecks can have negative effects on a population for the duration of their existence

Front 22

Inbreeding Depression

Back 22

Negative effects of inbreeding due to increased homozygousity

Hint 22

1. An inbred population of flamingos being less fertile

2. After about 20 generations of inbreeding the inbreeding depression will become so bad the organisms may die

Front 23

Quantitative Traits

Back 23

Traits that are affected by multiple traits and environmental factors

Hint 23

1. Eye color

2. Because most traits are quantitative they cannot be studied just from examining the genome

Front 24

Quantative Trait Loci (QTLs)

Back 24

The places on the chromosome where genes that affect the quantitative traits are found

Hint 24

1. The location of the gene for blue eyes being found near marker 4 on chromosome 5

2. Mapping of QTLs can be used to find the genes that cause obesity

Front 25

Artificial Selection

Back 25

Changing the genetic pool by human interaction

Hint 25

1. Humans only planting the seeds of the tastiest tomatoes

2. Artificial selection is how we domesticated farm animals