Gulf Shores Ap Bio Midterm Flash Cards

Front 1

activation energy

Back 1

the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start

Front 2

allosteric regulation

Back 2

the binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site

Front 3

Aquaporin

Back 3

a transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane

Front 4

Barr body

Back 4

a dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells representing an inactivated X chromosome

Front 5

Cellular respiration

Back 5

the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

Front 6

Centrioles

Back 6

the structure that the microtubules originate from to pull the chromosomes apart during mitosis

Front 7

centromere

Back 7

the connected region joining two sister chromatids

Front 8

chemiosmosis

Back 8

an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive the synthesis of ATP

Front 9

chlorophyll

Back 9

a green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants

Front 10

chromosomes

Back 10

a single strand of DNA found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

Front 11

Citric acid cycle

Back 11

a chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; second stage of cellular respiration.

Front 12

Competitive inhibitors

Back 12

a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure in imitates

Front 13

condensation reaction

Back 13

a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, also called a dehydration reaction

Front 14

crossing over

Back 14

the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis

Front 15

cyclic AMP

Back 15

a ring shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule in eukaryotic cells

Front 16

Denaturation

Back 16

in proteins a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation thereby becoming biologically inactive

Front 17

Enantiomers

Back 17

one of two molecules that are mirror images of each other

Front 18

endergonic reaction

Back 18

a non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

Front 19

Enzyme

Back 19

a protein serving as a catalyst

Front 20

eukaryotic cell

Back 20

a type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles

Front 21

exergonic reaction

Back 21

a spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a release of free energy

Front 22

extracellular matrix

Back 22

the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded consisting of protein and polysaccharides

Front 23

facilitated diffusion

Back 23

the spontaneous passage of molecules and ions bound to specific carrier proteins, across a membrane down their concentration gradients

Front 24

feedback inhibition

Back 24

a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway

Front 25

First law of Thermodynamics

Back 25

energy can be transferred and transformed but NOT destroyed

Front 26

Free Energy

Back 26

the portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system

Front 27

Gene

Back 27

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

Front 28

Genetic Map

Back 28

an ordered list of genetic loci along a chromosome

Front 29

glycolysis

Back 29

the splitting of glucose into pyruvate

Front 30

glycoproteins

Back 30

a protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate

Front 31

Golgi apparatus

Back 31

an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, story and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum

Front 32

homozygous

Back 32

having two identical alleles for a given gene

Front 33

hormones

Back 33

in multicellular organisms one of many types of circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluid, and act of specific target cells to change their functioning

Front 34

lactic acid fermentation

Back 34

the conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide

Front 35

ligands

Back 35

a molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule

Front 36

membrane potential

Back 36

the charge difference between a cell's cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid, due to the differential distribution of ions

Front 37

mitochondria

Back 37

an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration

Front 38

mitosis

Back 38

a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 phases

Front 39

monosaccharides

Back 39

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides

Front 40

nucleoid

Back 40

a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

Front 41

organelles

Back 41

one of several formed bodies with specialized functions suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Front 42

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 42

the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain

Front 43

passive transport

Back 43

the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane

Front 44

peptide bond

Back 44

the covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction

Front 45

phosphorylated

Back 45

referring to a molecule that has been the recipient of a phosphate group

Front 46

plasmodesmata

Back 46

an open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell

Front 47

plastids

Back 47

one of a family of closely related plant organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts

Front 48

polar molecules

Back 48

a molecule with opposite charges on opposite sides

Front 49

prokaryotic cell

Back 49

a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles

Front 50

protein

Back 50

a three dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids

Front 51

protein kinase

Back 51

an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

Front 52

redox reactions

Back 52

a chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

Front 53

saturated fatty acid

Back 53

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton

Front 54

second law of thermodynamics

Back 54

the idea that every transfer or transformation of energy increases the entropy of the universe

Front 55

signal transduction pathway

Back 55

a mechanism linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response

Front 56

sister chromatids

Back 56

replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II

Front 57

somatic cells

Back 57

any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell

Front 58

steroid

Back 58

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached

Front 59

structural isomers

Back 59

one of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

Front 60

thylakoids

Back 60

a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy