Gross - Spring - Equine And Ruminant Digits - Mt2 - Check

Front 1

Define the equine digit.

Back 1

consists of the foot and pastern and includes the phalanges and associated structures

Front 2

Define the equine foot

Back 2

Foot consists of epidermal hoof and all it encloses: connective tissue corium (dermis), digital cushion, distal phalanx, cartilages of the distal phalanx, distal interphalangeal joint, distal extremity of middle phalanx, distal sesamoid (navicular) bone, podotrochlear (navicular) bursa, ligaments, tendons of insertion of common digital extensor and deep digital flexor muscles, blood vessels and nerves

Front 3

What is the equine dermis of the hoof referred to as?

Back 3

Corium

Front 4

What term is the equine foot synonymous with?

Back 4

hoof.

Front 5

What are the fascial ligaments of the equine and ruminant digit?

Back 5

A) Palmar annular ligament, B) proximal digital annular ligament, C) distal digital annular ligament

Front 6

At what level is the palmar annular ligament of the equine digit? What does it course between? What does it bind down?

Back 6

At the level of the fetlock (A)
Courses between the abaxial borders of the proximal sesamoids
Binds down the digital flexor tendons in the sesamoid groove

Front 7

What does the proximal digital annular ligament of the equine foot cover and course between?

Back 7

(B)
Covers the superficial digital flexor tendon
Attaches to the sides of the proximal phalanx
Binds down the digital flexor tendons

Front 8

What does the distal digital annular ligament of the equine foot cover and course between?

Back 8

(c)
Covers the terminal expansion of the deep digital flexor tendon
Attaches to the medial and lateral borders of the proximal phalanx

Front 9

What is another name for the interosseus ligament in the horse?

Back 9

Suspensory ligament.

KNOW FOREVER!

Front 10

What is a splint in the horse?

Back 10

There are splint bones, but a splint refers to fraying of the interosseus ligament.

Front 11

Is the fetlock normally in an overextended or flexed position? What holds it there?

Back 11

Overextended.

Held in place by the suspensory apparatus.

Composed of:
Interosseus (proximal sesamoidean ligament of the proximal sesamoids, suspensory ligament)
Proximal sesamoid bones
Intersesamoidean (palmar) ligament
Distal sesamoidean ligaments of the proximal sesamoids

Front 12

What holds the proximal sesamoids in place in the equine?

Back 12

Intersesamoidean (palmar) ligament

Front 13

Name these structures.

Back 13

1. Splint bones
2. Interosseus
3. Superficial digital flexor tendon
4. Deep digital flexor tendon

Front 14

What is 4 and 5?

What is the third distal sesamoidean ligaments of the proximal sesamoids?

What are their function?

Back 14

4 - Straight (Superficial, Y) ligament
From the base of the proximal sesamoids to the proximal end of the middle phalanx

5 - Oblique (Middle, V) ligament
From the base of the proximal sesamoids to a triangular rough area on the proximal phalanx

The third one is: Cruciate (Deep, X) ligament
From the base of the proximal sesamoids to the proximal part of the proximal phalanx (opposite side)


Function is to support the fetlock?

Front 15

What are 7 and 7'?

What is the other ligament associated with the proximal interphalangeal joint (pastern) of the equine digit?

Back 15

Palmar ligaments (7, 7’)
Central pair and lateral and medial bands
From middle of proximal phalanx to proximal end of middle phalanx

Collateral ligaments
From distal end of proximal phalanx to proximal end of middle phalanx

Front 16

What are the ligaments associated with the joints of the coffin (distal interphalangeal) joint?

Back 16

Collateral ligaments (A)
From distal part of middle phalanx to each side of extensor process of distal phalanx

Front 17

What else is the navicular bone known as?

Back 17

Distal sesamoid bone

KNOW FOREVER

Front 18

What phalanges are the navicular bone in contact with in the horse?

Back 18

Distal sesamoid (navicular) bone is in contact with the middle and distal phalanges

Front 19

What are C and D of the equine digit? (these are ligaments of the fetlock metacarpophalangeal joint)

Back 19

Collateral ligaments (C)
Superficial layer – From distal metacarpal III to proximal phalanx
Deep layer – from distal metacarpal III to abaxial surface of sesamoid and proximal end of proximal phalanx

Collateral sesamoidean ligaments (D)
From abaxial surface of sesamoid to distal end of metacarpal III and proximal end of proximal phalanx

Front 20

What is the difference in the collateral cartilages of the hoof by age?

Back 20

Hyaline cartilage in young horses and fibrocartilage in middle-aged horses
In older horses, the cartilages tend to ossify, forming “sidebones”

Front 21

Where does the interosseus insert?

Back 21

Interosseus divides proximal to the fetlock joint and inserts on the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoids
Sends extensor branches to join the common digital extensor tendon

Front 22

What is the coronet of the horse hoof?

Back 22

Junction between skin and hoof

Front 23

What is the periople of the hoof?

Back 23

Just below the coronet, the walls are covered for about an inch by a cornified, opaque 'periople' material. In the palmar/plantar part of the hoof, the periople is thicker and more rubbery over the heels, and it merges with frog material. Not all horses have the same amount of periople. Dry feet tend to lack this substance, which can be substituted with a hoof dressing.

Front 24

What parts of the hoof comprise the wall?

Back 24

The toe, quarter, heel

Front 25

What are the bars of the hoof?

Back 25

look at pic

Front 26

What is the sole of the hoof?

Is it weight bearing?

Back 26

Ventral surface of the foot excluding frog

Should not bear weight

Front 27

What is the frog of the hoof? What % water is it. What are its parts?

Back 27

50% water
Most elastic and resilient structure of foot
Frog stay
Central groove or sulcus
Paracuneal grooves (collateral sulci)

Front 28

What is the white line of the equine hoof?

Back 28

Junction between the sole and wall

Front 29

At what level is the nail of the horse shoe inserted?

Back 29

The level of the white line.

Front 30

What is the digital cushion of the equine foot? What level of dermis is it? What types of connective tissue is it made of? What other structure does it overlay?

Back 30

Hypodermis
Loose connective tissue – elastic fibers, fat, cartilage
Reduces concussion to the foot
Wedge-shaped mass
Overlies the frog

Front 31

What is the frog stay?

Back 31

The internal spine of the hoof.

Front 32

What are the forces acting upon the distal phalanx?

Back 32

Pull of the deep digital flexor tendon
Weight of the horse
Resistance of the ground
Pull of the common digital extensor tendon
Interdigitation of the laminar corium and stratum internum

Front 33

Which limbs are the shock absorbers in horses in jumps and at fast speeds?

Back 33

the front limbs.

Front 34

What % of weight do the front limbs of horses bear?

Back 34

55-60%

Front 35

What action shifts the center of gravity of a horse cranially?

Back 35

Lowering the head

Front 36

What action shifts the center of gravity of a horse caudally?

Back 36

Raising the head

Front 37

What would you expect to see when a horse has a lame forelimb?

Back 37

The head rising when the painful forelimb hits the ground, down when the nonpainful one hits.

Front 38

What would you expect to see when a horse has a lame hindlimb?

Back 38

The head lowering when the painful hindlimb hits the ground, normal when the nonpainful one hits. This is why this is a bit harder to detect.

Front 39

What are these arrows showing?

Back 39

The pressures enacted on the horse limb. Illustrating the stay apparatus in this horse.

Front 40

What is the passive stay apparatus of the horse?

Back 40

Enables horse to stand for long periods of time with minimal muscular effort
Active muscles tire quickly

Front 41

What prevents the shoulder joint from flexing in the stay apparatus of the horse?

Back 41

biceps brachii tendon

Front 42

What prevents flexion of the elbow joint in the stay apparatus of the horse?

Back 42

Flexion prevented by passive tension of carpal and digital flexors (SDF mainly) and by eccentrically placed collateral ligaments of the elbow joint

Minimal elements are needed to keep it in place.

Front 43

What prevents flexion of the carpus (or buckling forward) in the stay apparatus of the horse?

Back 43

Flexion (buckling forward) prevented by upward pull of the lacertus fibrosus within the extensor carpi radialis tendon

Front 44

What prevents overextension of the carpus in the stay apparatus of the horse?

Back 44

Much is prevented by the square anatomy of the carpal bones, but also palmar carpal ligament

Front 45

What prevents the overextension of the fetlock joint of the horse?

Back 45

Overextension prevented by suspensory apparatus, SDF, DDF, check ligaments

Front 46

What prevents the overextension of the pastern joint of the horse?

Back 46

Overextension prevented by palmar ligaments, straight sesamoidean ligament, DDF

Buckling-over prevented by SDF

Front 47

What is the clinical signifigance of the distal interdigital ligament in the ruminant?

Back 47

If you had to amputate the distal phalanx, you would want to be sure to not cut the distal interdigital ligament so that the toes don't splay.

Front 48

Do ruminants have hoof walls, toes, bulbs, soles, white lines, bars, or frogs, as the horse hooves do?

Back 48

Yes, except no bars or frogs.

Front 49

Do bovine have frog corium?

Back 49

No there is no frog, so no frog corium.

Front 50

Do bovine feet have secondary dermal or epidermal laminae in the stratum internum of the hoof wall?

Back 50

No.

Front 51

What is the intersesamoidean (palmar) ligament? What does it fill the space between? What does it's palmar surface form?

Back 51

Fibrocartilage structure in which the proximal sesamoids are largely embedded

Fills the space between and unites the proximal sesamoids

Palmar surface forms a smooth groove for the deep digital flexor tendon (main function)

Front 52

What is the periople of the hoof?

Back 52

Just below the coronet, the walls are covered for about an inch by a cornified, opaque 'periople' material. In the palmar/plantar part of the hoof, the periople is thicker and more rubbery over the heels, and it merges with frog material. Not all horses have the same amount of periople. Dry feet tend to lack this substance, which can be substituted with a hoof dressing.

Front 53

How many primary and secondary laminae do the equine foot have?

Back 53

Primary laminae - 600
Secondary laminae - 100

Front 54

What can you name here?

Back 54

here's the key