Gross Anatomy Anterior Triangle Of Neck

Front 1

what is the medial border of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Back 1

median line of neck from chin to manubrium

Front 2

what is the lateral border of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Back 2

anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 3

what is the superior border of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Back 3

horizontal plane formed by lower margin of the mandible

Front 4

what are the subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Back 4

submandibular (digastric) triangle
carotid triangle
muscular triangle
submental triangle

Front 5

what forms the submandibular (digastric) triangle?

Back 5

posterior belly of digastric muscle
anterior belly of digastric muscle
inferior border of mandible

Front 6

what forms the carotid triangle?

Back 6

posterior belly of digastric muscle
superior belly of omohyoid muscle
sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 7

what forms the muscular triangle?

Back 7

superior belly of omohyoid muscle
lower anterior margin of SCM
median line of neck

Front 8

what forms the submental triangle?

Back 8

anterior bellies of digastric muscle
base above hyoid bone

Front 9

what can be palpated in the parotid space? why?

Back 9

tips of transverse processes of C1

they are more prominent than those of other cervical vertebrae

Front 10

at what spinal level is the body of the hyoid bone?

Back 10

C3

Front 11

in addition to the body, what makes up the hyoid bone?

Back 11

greater cornua
lesser cornua

(s. cornu)

Front 12

at what spinal level is the thyroid cartilage?

Back 12

C4
C5

Front 13

what is the adam's apple?

Back 13

laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage

Front 14

with what do the inferior cornua articulate?

Back 14

cricoid cartilage

Front 15

at what spinal level is the cricoid cartilage?

Back 15

C6

Front 16

where is the upper end of the trachea?

Back 16

cricoid cartilage

Front 17

where is the trachea palpable?

Back 17

from cricoid cartilage
to superior border of manubrium

Front 18

what pierces the thyrohyoid membrane?

Back 18

internal laryngeal nerve
superior laryngeal vessels

Front 19

from what nerve does the internal laryngeal nerve branch?

Back 19

superior laryngeal nerve

Front 20

where are tracheostomies performed, preferentially?
where are high tracheostomies performed?

Back 20

preferred: tracheal cartilages 2-4
(below cricoid cartilage and isthmus of thyroid gland

high: cricothyroid membrane

Front 21

what is a tracheostomy?

Back 21

incision in neck and trachea, through which a direct airway is created

Front 22

what encloses the trapezius?

Back 22

superficial layer of deep cervical fascia

Front 23

what forms the roof of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Back 23

superficial layer of deep cervical fascia

Front 24

what fascia is invested in the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Back 24

superficial layer of deep cervical fascia

Front 25

what fascia attaches superiorly to the mandible and inferiorly to the clavicle and manubrium?

Back 25

superficial layer of deep cervical fascia

Front 26

what muscle is overlapped by the platysma?

Back 26

sternocleidomastoid

Front 27

what descends behind the platysma from the angle of the mandible to the clavicle?

Back 27

external jugular vein

Front 28

what nerve supplies innervation to the platysma?

Back 28

cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

Front 29

where are superficial veins of the neck in relation to the deep cervical fascia?

Back 29

superficial to deep cervical fascia

Front 30

where are the anterior jugular veins?

Back 30

in midline of neck

Front 31

where do the anterior jugular veins begin?

Back 31

submental triangle

Front 32

where do anterior jugular veins pierce the deep fascia of the neck?

Back 32

above the manubrium

Front 33

between what structures do the anterior jugular veins pass?

Back 33

posterior border of SCM
upper border of clavicle

Front 34

into what vein do the anterior jugular veins drain?

Back 34

external jugular veins
(in posterior triangle of the neck)

Front 35

what are the superficial cervical nerves?

Back 35

great auricular nerve
transversus colli nerve

Front 36

what is the anterior cutaneous nerve of the neck?

Back 36

transversus colli

Front 37

what dermatomes are represented by the superficial cervical nerves?

Back 37

C2
C3

Front 38

where does the cervical branch of the facial nerve (VII) enter the platysma?

Back 38

on deep surface near angle of mandible

Front 39

what is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?

Back 39

depress larynx
depress hyoid bone

Front 40

where do the infrahyoid muscles lie?

Back 40

between deep fascia and visceral fascia

Front 41

what do the infrahyoid muscles cover?

Back 41

thyroid gland
trachea
esophagus

Front 42

what innervates the infrahyoid muscles?

Back 42

ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)

Front 43

what is the ansa cervicalis?

Back 43

motor plexus from ventral rami of C1, C2, C3

Front 44

what are the infrahyoid muscles?

Back 44

sternohyoid
omohyoid
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid

Front 45

which infrahyoid muscle lies deepest?

Back 45

sternothyroid

Front 46

by what is the thyrohyoid muscle innervated?

Back 46

by spinal nerve C1, via hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)

Front 47

what carries fibers from spinal nerve C1?

Back 47

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Front 48

what is formed by the hypoglossal nerve?

Back 48

superior root of ansa cervicalis

Front 49

what forms the inferior root of ansa cervicalis?

Back 49

C2 and C3

Front 50

where does the ansa cervicalis lie in the carotid sheath?

Back 50

lateral to the internal jugular vein

Front 51

from what is the pharynx derived?

Back 51

embryonic foregut

Front 52

where is the pharynx suspended?

Back 52

base of skull to C6

Front 53

where does the pharynx lie between C4 and C6?

Back 53

between the bodies of vertebrae and larynx

Front 54

when does the pharynx become continuous with the esophagus?

Back 54

C6

Front 55

by a posterior midline raphe, to what do superior, middle, and inferior constrictors of the pharynx attach?

Back 55

same constrictor on opposite side

Front 56

what artery provides branches which vascularize the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

Back 56

external carotid artery

Front 57

what vein drains the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

Back 57

internal carotid vein

Front 58

where is the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

Back 58

posterior to the nasal and oral cavities

Front 59

which pharyngeal constrictor muscle is continuous with the plane of the buccinator?

Back 59

superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Front 60

where do both the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the buccinator arise?

Back 60

pterygomandibular raphe

Front 61

from where does the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle arise?

Back 61

pterygomandibular raphe
mylohyoid line of mandible
medial pterygoid plate

Front 62

to what does the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle attach at the base of the skull?

Back 62

apex of petrous temporal bone
pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone

Front 63

where is the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

Back 63

posterior to tongue and larynx

Front 64

which muscle is truly a constrictor of the pharynx, and plays a major role in swallowing?

Back 64

middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Front 65

from what does the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle originate?

Back 65

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage

Front 66

what is the most inferior aspect of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

Back 66

cricopharyngeus

Front 67

what is the cricopharyngeus?

Back 67

sphincter between pharynx and esophagus

Front 68

what innervates the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

Back 68

superior - pharyngeal branches of vagus nerve (CN X)
middle - pharyngeal branches of vagus nerve (CN X)
inferior - recurrent branches of vagus nerve (CN X)
cricopharyngeus - recurrent branches of vagus nerve (CN X)

Front 69

what nerve fibers control the swallowing reflex?

Back 69

motor fibers and parasympathetic fibers of vagus nerve (CN X)

Front 70

what is contained within the carotid sheath?

Back 70

common carotid artery
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve

Front 71

what are the relationships of the structures in the carotid sheath?

Back 71

common carotid artery is deep and medial to internal jugular vein
vagus nerve (CN X) is posterior to common carotid artery

Front 72

where is the carotid sheath?

Back 72

anterior to the cervical sympathetic trunk (in front of cervical vertebrae)

Front 73

on what does the cervical sympathetic trunk lie?

Back 73

longus colli muscle
longus capitis muscle

(in front of cervical vertebrae)

Front 74

what forms the thyroid gland?

Back 74

2 lobes (lateral to larynx and trachea)
isthmus (at level of tracheal cartilages 2-4)

Front 75

what overlaps the thyroid gland?

Back 75

sternothyroid muscles

Front 76

what is immediately lateral to the thyroid gland?

Back 76

carotid sheath

Front 77

what is the developmental origin of the pyramidal lobe sometimes present in the thyroid gland?

Back 77

tongue area

Front 78

what arteries vascularize the thyroid gland?

Back 78

superior thyroid artery
inferior thyroid artery

Front 79

where are the recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve (CN X) located?

Back 79

lie deep to the lobes of the thyroid, near posterior aspect of trachea

Front 80

what is vulnerable during thyroid surgery?

Back 80

recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve (CN X)

Front 81

how many parathyroid glands are associated with the posterior surface of the thyroid gland?

Back 81

4 parathyroid glands

Front 82

what are the attachments of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Back 82

from medial mastoid process
to anterior belly of digastric by intermediate tendon

Front 83

what ties down the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle?

Back 83

fascial sling, tying it down to the body of the hyoid bone

Front 84

from what does the posterior belly of the digastric muscle arise?

Back 84

2nd branchial arch

Front 85

what innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Back 85

digastric branch of facial nerve (VII)

Front 86

from what is the anterior belly of digastric muscle derived?

Back 86

1st branchial arch

Front 87

what innervates anterior belly of digastric muscle?

Back 87

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

Front 88

with what is the posterior belly of the digastric muscle associated?

Back 88

stylohyoid muscle

Front 89

what innervates the stylohyoid muscle?

Back 89

facial nerve (CN VII)

Front 90

what structures are superficial to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Back 90

external jugular system
cutaneous branches of great auricular nerve (C2, C3)
cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

Front 91

what structures are deep to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Back 91

internal jugular vein
internal carotid artery
external carotid artery
vagus nerve (CN X)
accessory nerve (CN XI)
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

deeper:
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
cervical sympathetic trunk

Front 92

where does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) run?

Back 92

deep to internal carotid artery
penetrates lateral pharyngeal wall with stylopharyngeus muscle

Front 93

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) innervate?

Back 93

motor to stylopharyngeus

sensory to mucosa of post. 1/3 of tongue
sensory to mucosa of pharynx
sensory to palatine tonsil
sensory to soft palate

Front 94

to where are the upper branches of the vagus nerve (CN X) sent?

Back 94

muscles of palate (except tensor palati) as voluntary motor nerves
pharynx as voluntary motor nerves
larynx as voluntary motor nerves

Front 95

which nerve innervates tensor palati?

Back 95

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

Front 96

where are lower branches of the vagus nerve (CN X) sent?

Back 96

parasympathetic to cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera

Front 97

what nerve provides sensory fibers with a inferior sensory ganglion in the jugular fossa?

Back 97

vagus nerve (CN X)

Front 98

what nerve provides sensory fibers in the skin of the external auditory canal with cell bodies in the superior ganglion in jugular fossa?

Back 98

vagus nerve (CN X)

Front 99

what are the branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?

Back 99

internal laryngeal branch
external laryngeal branch

Front 100

from what nerve does the superior laryngeal nerve branch?

Back 100

vagus nerve (CN X)

Front 101

which branch of the superior laryngeal nerve pierces the thyrohyoid membrane?

Back 101

internal laryngeal branch

Front 102

which branch of the superior laryngeal nerve runs on the lateral aspect of the larynx?

Back 102

external laryngeal branch

Front 103

what does the internal laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervate?

Back 103

sensory to laryngeal mucosa above vocal cords

Front 104

what is caused by the internal laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?

Back 104

coughing reflex

Front 105

what does the external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervate?

Back 105

cricothyroid muscle

Front 106

what is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?

Back 106

tense vocal cords during vocalization

Front 107

how is the accessory nerve (CN XI) tested?

Back 107

flexing head
turning head
shrugging shoulders against resistance

Front 108

what does the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) innervate?

Back 108

motor to tongue musculature

Front 109

where does the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) run?

Back 109

deep to middle tendon of digastric muscle to get to digastric triangle

Front 110

why is C1 called a hitchhiker?

Back 110

it hitchhikes with the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Front 111

at what level does the common carotid artery split into the internal and external carotid arteries? what is at this same level?

Back 111

C3

hyoid bone

Front 112

where is the carotid sinus?

Back 112

at the beginning of the internal carotid artery

Front 113

what is the carotid sinus?

Back 113

cluster of baroreceptors

Front 114

with what nerve is the carotid sinus associated?

Back 114

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Front 115

what are the branches of the internal carotid artery in the neck?

Back 115

there are none

Front 116

where is the carotid body?

Back 116

at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

Front 117

what is the carotid body?

Back 117

cluster of chemoreceptors

Front 118

what do the carotid body and carotid sinus control?

Back 118

blood pressure

Front 119

what branches of the external carotid artery are inferior to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Back 119

superior thyroid artery
lingual artery
ascending pharyngeal artery

Front 120

to where does the superior thyroid artery go?

Back 120

superior pole of thyroid gland

Front 121

with what does the superior thyroid artery anastomose?

Back 121

opposite superior thyroid artery
inferior thyroid artery

Front 122

what are the branches of the superior thyroid artery?

Back 122

superior laryngeal artery
cricothyroid branch
muscular branch

Front 123

where does the superior laryngeal artery run?

Back 123

runs with internal laryngeal nerve

Front 124

where does the cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid artery run?

Back 124

runs with external laryngeal nerve

Front 125

where does the muscular branch of the superior thyroid artery run?

Back 125

to SCM muscle

Front 126

where does the lingual artery run?

Back 126

to the tongue

Front 127

where is the ascending pharyngeal artery?

Back 127

at the bifurcation of the internal and external carotid arteries

Front 128

where does the ascending pharyngeal artery run?

Back 128

to lateral wall and to nasopharynx

Front 129

what branches of the external carotid artery are deep to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Back 129

facial artery
occipital artery

Front 130

where does the occipital artery lie?

Back 130

superior to hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Front 131

what branches of the external carotid artery are superior to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Back 131

posterior auricular artery
maxillary artery
superficial temporal artery

Front 132

what branch from the posterior auricular artery supplies the facial nerve (CN VII)?

Back 132

stylomastoid branch

Front 133

compression of what artery, by neuritis, leads to Bell's palsy?

Back 133

stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular artery

Front 134

what is contained within the digastric triangle?

Back 134

superficial lobe of submandibular (submaxillary) salivary gland

Front 135

what forms the floor of the digastric triangle?

Back 135

mylohyoid muscle
hyoglossus muscle
middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Front 136

what muscle forms the floor of the mouth?

Back 136

mylohyoid muscle

Front 137

what are the attachments of the mylohyoid muscle?

Back 137

from mylohyoid line
to superior aspect of body of hyoid bone and midline raphe

Front 138

where is the anterior belly of the digastric, compared to the mylohyoid muscle?

Back 138

anterior belly of the digastric muscle is superficial to mylohyoid muscle

Front 139

from where are both the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the mylohyoid muscle derived?

Back 139

1st branchial arch

Front 140

what innervates both the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the mylohyoid?

Back 140

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3)

Front 141

from where does the hyoglossus muscle arise?
where does it insert?

Back 141

arises from greater cornu of hyoid bone
inserts into tongue

Front 142

what nerve innervates the hyoglossus muscle?

Back 142

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Front 143

what is on the lateral (external) surface of the hyoglossus muscle?

Back 143

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Front 144

what lies on the medial (internal) surface of the hyoglossus muscle?

Back 144

lingual artery