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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Particularly dangerous and may result in death or disability.
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HIV, Hep B, Bacterial meningitis
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Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by infestation of the body by?
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organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozans and helminths (worms)
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An infectious diseases are considered _____?
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hazardous materials
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Clues to determine how an infectious agent is transmitted include?
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characteristics of the host, the agent, and the environment,
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The individual who first introduces an infectious agent is the _____?
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index case
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To gauge the impact on the community, paramedics must evaluate the host on _____?
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what they believe to be the infectious agent, and the environment.
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The first line of defense in disease surveillance and outbreak are _____?
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Municipal agencies.
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the designated agency at the state level who monitor infectious diseases?
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the health dpt, or board of health.
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_____ help keep us disease free by creating environmental conditions that are not conductive to disease producing microorganisms.
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Normal flora
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organisms that live inside our bodies without causing disease.
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normal flora
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Competition between normal flora and pathogens also discourages the survival 0f ___?
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pathogens like staophulococci, Dtrep, and enterobacteriaceace.
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Ordinarily harmless bacteria that cause disease only under unusual circumstances.
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Opportunistic pathogens
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A normal flora that can cause a deadly form of pneumonia in pts with HIV.
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pneumocustiscarinii
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A common opportunistic infection
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thrush
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An infection often seen in pt who take broad spectrum antibotics?
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thrush
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These range in length from 1 to 10 micrometers?
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bacteria
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A prokaryote is so named due to its ___?
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not having a nuclear membrane and only one chromosome in the cytoplasm.
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bacteria reproduce _____?
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independently
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Sinusitis, otitis media, bacterial pnrumonia, pharyngitis, tb, and most urinary tract infections are caused by ?
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pathogenic bacteria
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The most common method of differentiating bacteria?
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gram stain
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A positive gram stain is colored?
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purple
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a negative grain stain is colored?
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red
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The shape of staphylococcus and streptococcus are?
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round (cocci)
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shperes, roda and spirals are all shaped of ?
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bacteria
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spirochetes, vibrio are
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spiral (coiled)
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Two ways that a bacteria can cause damage to the host?
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damage to tissues and releasing toxic chemicals
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Poisonous proteins shed by bacteria during bacterial growth are called?
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exotoxins.
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These stimulate the immune system to form antibodies to these proteins, and may also be deactivated by chemicals, light and heat.
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exotoxins
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exotocins or endotoxins are more toxic
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exotoxins
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toxic shock and anthtax are from ?
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exotoxins
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These are made from proteins, polysacharides, and lipids.
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endotoxins
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The immune system can not form antibodies specific to a particular endotoxin unless both the ___ and ___ are present.
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protein and polyssacharide portions
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These come from the bacterial wall and are released when the bacterial wall is destroyed.
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endotoxins
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the toxin that is more stable in heat?
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endotoxin
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only gram negative bacteria can make?
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endotoxins
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The skin lesions of meningococcemia and the signs of shock that sometime accompany it are due to large amounts of _____ released by the infectious agent N.meningitidis
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endotoxin
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_____ kill bacteria while _____ inhibit bacterial growth.
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bactericidal
bacteriostatic |
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The bactericidal resistant form of ____ is of particular concern.
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tb
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In some cases antimicrobal treatment may kill _____ while letting the _____ grow.
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normal flora
virulent and dangerous |
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A disease causing organism that can only be seen with an electron microscope.
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virus
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_____ are obligate intracellular parasites?
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viruses
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Obligate intracellular parasites (viruses) can only grow or reproduce with a ___?
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host cell
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A virus takes control of a hosts cells ____?
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protein synthesis mechanism
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A new classification of disease producing agents referred to as slow viruses.
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Prions
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These are particles of protein, folded in such a way that protease enzymes can not act on them.
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prions
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A protein particle that occumulate in the nervous system and brain tissue giving them a spongy appearance.
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prions
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Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, mad cow and fatal insomnia are caused by?
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prions
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A plant like microorganisms most of which are not pathogennic.
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Fungi
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These may have a capsule around the cell wall that provides protection against phagocytes.
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fungi
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Cause vaginal infection and pnemonia in pt with weak immune systems.
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fungi
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Single celled parasitic organism with flexible membranes and the ability to move.
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protozans
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Most of these live in soil and ingest decaying organic matter.
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Protozoa
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These enter the body through oral fecal route of mosquito bites.
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protoza
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DIAGNOSIS of these usually depend on finding eggs in the persons stool.
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parasite
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Cause abd cramping, fever and cough
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parasite
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3 to 10 mm long and live in the distal colon.
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pinworm
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Parasite that attaches to the hosts intestinal lining.
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hookworms
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infects 25 % of the worlds population. and passes in the stool of infecged animals.
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hookworms
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Caused by eating raw or inadequately cooked pork.
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trichinosis
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These migrate to the skeletal muscle.
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trichinosis
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S/S of this include gastrointestinal disturbances edema (mostly eyelids) fever and other difuse symptoms.
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trichinosis
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Diagnosis of this is made by finding worms in exam of the muscle biopsy.
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trichinosis
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Mebebodazole is the antibiotic of choice for this.
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trichinosis
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These worms are rarely found in the US
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tapeworms and flukes.
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Bloodborne diseases include?
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hiv, hep B, C, D and syphillis.
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Hep A and E can be transmitted by this route?
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oral-fecal
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Factors affecting disease transmissions include?
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mode of entry, virulance, number of organisms transmitted and host resistance.
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The time when a host cannot transmit an infectious agent to someone else.
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Latent period
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surface protein on most viruses and bacteria that identifies them as self or nonself.
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antigen
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Attacks a disease antigen.
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antibody
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Three body systems that specifically protect against disease are the ???
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immune system. the complement system, and the lymphatic system.
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The cells involved in an immune response.
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(RES) reticuloendothlial system
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the mot common phagocytic white blood cell
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neutrophill
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after neutrophills the most common phagocytic whits blood cell
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macrophage
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process in which certain white cells ingest invaders
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phagocytosis
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general, temporary defense against any invader.
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cell-mediated immunity
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permanent defense against a particular foreign antigen.
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humoral immunity
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the cell that attacks invader in cell mediated immune response.
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t Lymphocytes
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the cell that attacks invaders in immune response
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lympocyte
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Once phagocytosis occurs, the microphages release chemicals called ________ which trigger additional immune response.
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chemotactic factors
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The two types of immune responses are called
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cell mediated and humoral immunity
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both cell mediated and humoral immunity require ___?
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lymphocytes
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_____ immunity does not result in the formation of anitbodies against the foreign antigen.
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cell mediated immunity
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Cell mediated immunity generates various forms of ___?
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T lymphocytes
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Humoral immunity results from the action of antibodies formed from mature____?
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B lymphocytes
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B lymphocytes are formed in the ______?
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lymph nodes and bone marrow
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Humoral immunity is responsible for the immune systems properties of ___ and ___?
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memory and specificity
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another word for antibody
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immunoglobulin
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Cells that attack invaders in humoral immune responses.
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B lymphocytes
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Classes of white blood cells are?
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monocytes, eosinophils, bassophils and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Classes of human antibodies
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IgG
IgM IgA IgD IgE |
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remembers an antigen. Is the major class of immunoglobulin. Can cross placental membrain
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IgG
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Is the first formed antigen
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IgM
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Is the main immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions
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IgA
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Acts as an antigen receptor.
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IgD
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Attaches to mast cells and plays a role in allergic reactions.
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IgE
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The ___ system responds more quickly than the cell mediated or humoral immunity.
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complement system
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responds by recognizing surface complex molecules (endotoxins) from gram negative bacteria.
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complement system
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Causes a cascade of biochemical events triggered by tissue injury.
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complement system
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secondary circulatory system that collects overflow fluid from the tissue spaces and filter is before returning it to the circulatory system.
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lymphatic system
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Overflow circulatory fluid in spaces between tissues.
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lymph
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Are lined with reticuloendothelial cells that attach to ans destroy particulate matter, including microorganisms through phagocytosis.
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Lymph nodes
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The leftovers of pgagocytosis?
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anino acids and cell fragments
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A essential organ in the lympathetic system?
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THE spleen
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This part of the spleen produces B and T lymphocytes?
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The white pulp
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Part of the spleen that removes matter such as lod or damages red blood cells and other blood elements.
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red pulp
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disease protection transferred to the fetus from the mother
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passive immunity
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Causes pain and stiffness in the jaw and trunk muscles. Progresses to convulsive spasms and tonic contractions of the muscle groups
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Tetanus
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The 4 phases of infection control in prehospital care are?
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preparation for response
response patient contact recovery |
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Infections can be prevented by ___ of the disease process.
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inturption
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The substance used for testing of tb
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purified protein derivative (PPD)
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numerous throat infections, heart mummur, fever and amlaise may have?
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rheumatic fevor
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A common consequence of infectious diseases.
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dehydration
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significant dehydration will usually cause?
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tachycardia and hypotension
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Diseases of immediate concern to EMS include
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HIV, Hepatitis, TB, Pneumonia, SARS, chickenpox, meningitis
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A virus that carries its genetic in the RNA instead of the DNA
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HIV
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An inflammation of the liver characterized by diffuse or patchy tissue necrosis
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Hepatitis
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S/S: HA, fever, weakness. joint pain, anorexia, N/V, upper right quadrant abd pain.
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Hepatitis
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As this disease progresses look for jaundice, dark urine, clay colored stools.
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Hepatitis
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Hep A is transmitted by ?
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oral fecal
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Havrix and avaxima provide immunization of?
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hep A
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Hep A incubation period is ?
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3 to 5 weeks
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Hep B is transmitted by
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Blood, semen, vaginal fluids, saliva
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The incident of Hep B for the health care worker is ___ times the average person
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2 to 4 times
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This virus is stable on dried blood for more than 7 days
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Hep B
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Recombivax and Engerix B are two vaccines for?
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Hep B
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Hep B incubation period is?
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8 to 24 weeks
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This virus is transmitted by IV drug use and sexual contact. but sexual contact does not appear to transmit it effectively.
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Hep C
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The ineffectiveness of antibodies in Hep C is attributed to?
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the viruses high mutation rate.
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No effective vaccination for this exists
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Hep C
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For hep D to exist ___ must exist also?
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HBV
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This hep is transmitted like Hep A but is more associated with drinking water
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Hep E
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This hep is more common in young adults with pregnant young women the most
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Hep E
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The newest hep
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Hep G
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Usually found in persons with blood transfusions
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Hep G
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The most common preventable infectious disease in the world.
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TB
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Incubation for TB is?
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4 to 12 weeks
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Chills, fever, fatigue, productive cough, weight loss, night sweats are S/S of ___?
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TB
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For TB use ____?
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N95 respirators
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An acute infection in the lung t include alveolar space and interstitual tissue
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pneumonia
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Pneumonia can be caused by?
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virus, bacteria, or fungi
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S/S of this include acute onset of chills, high-grade fever, dyspnea, plueuritic chest pain that is worse on deep inhalation, cough that may produce phlegm of various colors
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pneumonia
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Lung sounds heard with pneumonia
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crackles, wheezes
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A highly infectious viral respiratory illness that first appeared in China in 2002.
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SARS
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incubation period for sars is?
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2 to 7 days
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SARS pt should be quarantined to home for at least __ days after fever has abated
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10
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S/S of this include, runny nose, sore throat, chills, rigors, myalgias, HA and diarrhea, cough
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SARS
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Usually appear in winter or spring with malaise, low grade fever, and rash.
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chicken pox
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Incubation period for chicken pox is ?
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10 to 21 days
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Pt with malignant conditions, Tb, or immunosupressed should not receive ?
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varicella vaccine
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An inflammation of the meninges, caused by bacterial or viral infection
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meningitis
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Meningitis usually lasts from __ to __ days?
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7 to 10 days
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This disease usually develops in winter months with low temperature and humidity
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meningitis
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S/S of this are fever, chills, HA, nuchal rigidity with flexion, arthtalgia, lethargy, malise, AMS, vomiting, seizures,
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Meningitis
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An upper respiratory or ear infection may precede this disease.
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meningitis
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Flexion of the neck causes flexion of the hips and knees is called
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Budzinski's signs
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The inability to fully extend the knees with the hips flexed is called?
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Kernig's signs
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_____ is caused by virusesdesignated types A, B, and C.
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influenza
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S/S of this include, sudden onset of fever, chills, malise, muscle aches, nasal discharge, and cough
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influenza
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S/S of this include influenza like symptoms, fever, sough, sore throat, muscle aches, eye infections, pneumonia, ARDS and viral pneumonia.
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Bird flu or H5N1
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S/S of this include: Severe cold, fever, swelling of the eyelids, photophobia, malise, cough, masopharyngeal congestion and increasing fever.
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Measles
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Highly communicable and slight contact with an active case may infect.
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Measles
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Potential complication of this may cause a gradual decrease in mental capacity and muscle coordination.
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measles
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An acute viral disease characterized by painful enlargement of the salivary glands.
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mumps
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S/S include: feverish cold followed by swelling and stiffening of the salivary glands in front of the ear.
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mumps
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Most cases resolve spontaneously within 1 week
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mumps
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A systemic viral disease characterized by a fine pink rash that appears on the face, trunk, and extremities but quickly fades.
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Rubella (german measles)
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A common cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children
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(RSV) respiratory syncytial virus
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This infection is often misdiagnosed as a simple cold and will lead to a runny nose and nasal congestion. Moving to the lower airway causing wheezing, tachypnea and respiratory distress.
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RSV
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Disease characterized by a severe violent cough.
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pertussis
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Starts with a mild cough that becomes severe and violent followed by a deep high pitched inspiration.
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Pertussis
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Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
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Mononucleosis
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S/S include: fatigue, severe sore throat, oral discharge, enlarged tender lymph nodes, and splenomegaly
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mononucleosis
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This disease causes weeping inflammation of the distal fingers and toes.
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herpes type 1
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Inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils.
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Pharyngitis
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Caused by a virus or bacteria and is characterized by a sudden onset of sore throat and fever. Tonsils become red and swollen and cervical lymph nodes become enlarged. HA, neck pain, N & V,
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Pharyngitis
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inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.
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sinusitis
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A virus carried by rodents such as the deer mouse.
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Hantavirus
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S/S include: fatigue, fever, muscle aches, HA, N & V, diarrhea, abd pain, may have earache, sore throat, and rash
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Hantavirus
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An acute infection of the brain, usully caused by a virus.
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encephalitis
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S/S decreased level of consciousness, fever, HA, drowsiness, coma, tremors, stiff neck and back. Uncoordinated movement weakness of the arms and legs. and sensitivity to the skin.
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encephalitis
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S/S include: malise, fever, chills, sore throat, myalgias, anorexia, N&V, diarrhea. Excessive motor activity, agitation. hallucinations,seizures focal paralysis, hydrophobia. may cause death if left untreated.
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Rabies
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An acute bacterial infection of the CNS
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tetanus
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S/S include: rigidity of muscles close to the injury site. Pain and stiffness in the jaw and may progress to muscle spasm and rigidity. Also look for a sardonic grin
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tetanus
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Sexually transmitted disease caused by a gram negative bacteria.
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Gonorrhes
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S/S include: painful urination and purulent discharge
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Gonorrhea
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can lead to PID if spread from the cervix to the upper genetal tract.
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Gonorrhea
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bloodborn sexually disease caused by the spirochete treponema pallidum
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syphillis
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Most common sexually acquired disease.
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Syphillis
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S/S include: painless lesion of the penis, anal canal, rectum, tongue, lips.
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Syphillis
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The secondary stage of this includes skin rash on the palms and soles, infection in areas of hair growth causing loss of eyebrows and hair
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syphilis
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Third stage of this include a relapse that may last many years
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syphilis
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The forth stage or tertiary stage of this includes lesions on the skin and bones causing a gnawing pain, can cause dementia or stroke.
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syphilis
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Contagious and easy to spread, In females usually appear on the labial surface
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Genital warts
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This causes 70 to 90 % of all genital herpes cases.
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Herpes simplex 2
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These present as vesicular lesions on the penis, anus, rectum, and mouth on the male, ON the vagina, vulva, rectum, mouth and cervix on the female.
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Herpes simplex type 2
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A genus of intracellular parasites most gram negative bacteria.
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Chlamydia
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The most clinically significant species, affecting the genitals, eyes, and respiratory system
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chlamydia
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The leading cause of blindness
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chlamydia
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A protozan parasite and a common cause of vaginitis
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Trichomoniasis
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S/S include a greenish yellow vaginal discharge, irritation of the perineum and dysuria.
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Trichomoniasis
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A highly contagious ulcer caused by a gram negative bacteria.
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Chancroid
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More frequently diagnosed in men who have sex with prostitutes.
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Chancroid
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S/S include a painful ulcer on the penis, anus, urethra or vulva and can spread to breasts fingers and thighs.
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Chancroid
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An infection of the skin caused by staphylococci or strepococci
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Impetigo
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A disease that begins as a single vesicle that ruptures and forms a thick honey colored crust mostly on the extremities or joints.
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Impetigo
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nonsocomial diseases are aquired where?
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in the hospital
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