Grade 12 Biology Exam

Front 1

What is a triglyceride?

Back 1

3 Fatty acids connected to a glycerol backbone. Formed by Ester bonds.

Front 2

Denatured Protein

Back 2

Physical Shape of protein is unfolded. The protein cant function. Is caused by extreme heat, pH, or mixing with chemicals

Front 3

What is a catalyst?

Back 3

It increases the rate of a RX

Front 4

Transgenic mice are...?

Back 4

Genetically modified mice

Front 5

Which body fluid best regulates body temperature?

Back 5

Blood

Front 6

Rough ER

Back 6

Endoplasmic Reticulum with Ribosommes attatched to it

Front 7

What type of cell makes up the mylen sheath of nerve cells?

Back 7

Swann Cells

Front 8

Is white or grey matter deeper in the brain?

Back 8

White matter is deeper. Grey matter is the superficial edge.

Front 9

What is Smooth ER

Back 9

An Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosommes.

Front 10

What brain lobe is most associated with memory?

Back 10

The Frontal Lobe

Front 11

What do Ribosommes do?

Back 11

Make protein

Front 12

What are the gaps inbetween the mylen sheath called?

Back 12

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 13

What is an Electrochemical gradient?

Back 13

Ion concentration changes from one side to another.

Front 14

Endocytosis

Back 14

The movement of food inside a cell

Front 15

What is Phagocytosis?

Back 15

A cell engolfing a large molecule. Like pacman

Front 16

What is pintocytosis?

Back 16

Movement of a liquid inside a cell

Front 17

Population Density Equation

Back 17

# of Organisms/Area

Front 18

What molecule is commonly referred to when speaking about blood sugar?

Back 18

Glucose

Front 19

What is an isomer of Glucose?

Back 19

Fructose

Front 20

What general structure of a lipid makes it a good energy source?

Back 20

The large amount of Carbon-Hydrogen bonds

Front 21

What do lipids not do?

Back 21

They don't dissolve in water

Front 22

How many H bonds are between A and T?

Back 22

2 Hydrogen bonds

Front 23

How many Hydrogen bonds are between C and G?

Back 23

3 Hydrogen bonds

Front 24

After one complete cycle of glucose, how much CO2 is formed?

Back 24

6 molecules of CO2 is formed

Front 25

What is the First law of Thermodynamics?

Back 25

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

Front 26

What molecule contributes to the highest production of ATP?

Back 26

NADH

Front 27

Where does the Krebbs Cycle occur?

Back 27

In the mitochondrial Matrix

Front 28

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

Back 28

In the stoma of plants

Front 29

Mutualism

Back 29

Symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved

Front 30

Paratism

Back 30

a non-mutual relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other. One benifits, other doesn't

Front 31

Commensalism

Back 31

Association where 2 organisms neither benefit nor harmed from the other

Front 32

Amensalism

Back 32

One species is destroyed, the other organism is unaffected

Front 33

Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 33

Part of the Autonomic Nervous system (non-Concious control). Sympathetic Nervous system is resposible for the fight or flight responses

Front 34

What is the Purpose of Homeostasis?

Back 34

To maintain a normal balance within the body. Examples include changes in Temperature, salt concentration, water concentration, and food intake

Front 35

Parasympathetic Pathway

Back 35

Part of the Autonomic Nervous System, the Parasympathetic Nervous System is responsible for the response of rest and digest.

Front 36

What is a C3 plant? SA

Back 36

C3 plants use the enzyme rubisco to collect CO2. Sometimes if it is hot or there is a high concentration of O2, rubisco will bind of O2 instead of CO2. This makes C3 plants inefficient in hot temperature. Examples of C3 plants include Evergreens, rice, and soybeans.

Front 37

What is a C4 plant?

Back 37

In C4 plants, the light-dependent reactions are separate from the calvin cycle. C4 plants also use an enzyme called PEP Carboxylase, which will never bind to O2. This makes sure that CO2 will only be used and photorespiration is minimized.

EX Corn

Front 38

What is Chargaff's Rule?

Back 38

Adenine will bond with Thymine. Cytosine will bond with Guanine.

Front 39

What is a saturated fat?

Back 39

A fat with only single bonds, making it "saturated" with hydrogen

Front 40

What is the cell membrane made of?

Back 40

A Phospholipid bilayer

Front 41

What is free energy?

Back 41

Energy that is avaliable to do work

Front 42

What is activation energy?

Back 42

The amount of energy it takes to start a Reaction

Front 43

What is the structure of ATP?

Back 43

ATP, Adenosine triphosphate, consists of an adenosine bound to three phosphates

Front 44

What is reduction?

Back 44

Gain of electrons. GER

Front 45

What is oxidation?

Back 45

Loss of electron. LEO

Front 46

What is the biproduct of effective photosynthesis?

Back 46

O2

Front 47

What is Photosystem 1?

Back 47

-Has the reaction centre of p700, absorbing wavelengths of 700nm.

- produces NADPH

Front 48

What is Photosystem 2?

Back 48

-Has the reaction centre P680, absorbing wavelengths of 680 nm

-Produces 02 and ATP

Front 49

What does hydrophobic mean?

Back 49

Not soluble in water. Clumps together if put in water.

Front 50

What does the breakdown of protein produce?

Back 50

Amino Acids

Front 51

What does the breakdown of starch create?

Back 51

Monosacharides

Front 52

What are CAM Plants?

Back 52

CAM plants minimize photorespiration and save water by separating these steps between night and day. During the night these plants open their stoma and PEP Carboxylase collects CO2. This is made into an organic acid until daytime, where it can be changed back into CO2 and photosynthesis can occur.

EX Cactus

Front 53

What is a Codon?

Back 53

A sequence of three nucleotides that form a basic unit of the genetic code

Front 54

What is an exon?

Back 54

A segment of DNA or RNA containing information coding for a protein

Front 55

What is an Intron?

Back 55

A part of DNA or RNA sequence that does not code for a protein

Front 56

What is Uracil?

Back 56

Is one of the 4 nucleotide bases for RNA. Binds to Adenine and replaces Thymine.

Uracil binds to Adenine

Front 57

What is Conservative Replication?

Back 57

Each 2 strands of parent DNA are replicated without strand separation. One stand is all new DNA, and the other is all old DNA.

Front 58

What is Semi-Conservative Replication?

Back 58

Every newly created helix contains one old stand and one new strand.

Front 59

What is Dispersive Replication?

Back 59

After Replication, Every helix contains randomly dispersed parts of new stands and old stands.

Front 60

What are Mutagens?

Back 60

Mutation causing agents.

Physical Mutagens- X-Rays

Chemical Mutagens- Nitrates, cigarette smoke

Front 61

What is Missense mutation?

Back 61

A single gene mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein

Front 62

What is Silent Mutation?

Back 62

A type of single gene mutation where the amino acid sequence stays the same

Front 63

What is Nonsense Mutation?

Back 63

A type of single gene mutation that inserts a "stop" codon earluer than it was supposed to

Front 64

What is Frameshift mutation?

Back 64

AKA Strand slippage, it is a change in the reading frame that causes HUGE changes in the amino acid sequence

Front 65

What are single gene mutations?

Back 65

Changes of a nucleotide sequence in one gene.

Front 66

What is Point Mutation?

Back 66

The most frequent type of mutation. A single base pair is subsituted, inserted, or deleted. Can cause Silent, Missense, or Nonsense Mutation.

Front 67

What is the Error Rate of DNA replication?

Back 67

Between 1/10^6 and 1/10^9. It is very efficient.

Front 68

What is DNA?

Back 68

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid.

-Hereditary information from ancestors

-Contains all genetic information of an organism

-Consists of Pentose Sugar, Nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

-For genes to be useful, they must be turned into proteins

-Regions of DNA for specific attributes are called genes

Front 69

Nucleotides are held together by ________ bonds.

Back 69

Phosphodiester Bonds

Front 70

What is a Genome?

Back 70

The complete Genetic makeup if an organism

Front 71

What do the lobes of the brain do?

Back 71

Frontal

-Personality

-Memory formation

-Emotions

Pariental

-Senses

-Perception

Temporal

-Hearing

-Information Retrieval

Occupital

-Vision

Front 72

Predator Vs Prey Diagram

Back 72

When the prey is high, the next cycpe the predators will be high. They are directly related

Front 73

The Reflex Arc

Back 73

Order

1. Stimulus

2. Receptor

3. Sensory Neuron

4. Interneurons in spinal cord

5. Motor Neuron

6. Effector (muscles)

7. Response

Front 74

Diagram of Neuron

Back 74

Front 75

Diagram of the Overall Vertebrate Nervous System

Back 75

Front 76

How Much ATP is made during cellular Respiration?

Back 76

38 ATP for every 1 Glucose

Front 77

What is the Central Dogma?

Back 77

1.DNA---->mRNA (through transcription)

2. mRNA ----> Protein (translation with Ribosomes)

Front 78

DNA VS RNA

Back 78

DNA

-DeoxyribosNucleic Acid

-Double Stranded

-Stable

-Found in Nucleus

-ATGC

RNA

-RibosNucleic Acid

-Single Stranded

-Unstable

-Found Everywhere in cell

-AUGC

Front 79

What are the steps of Transcription?

Back 79

1. Initiation: RNA Polymerase binds to the DNA upstream to the gene that will be transcribed. The upstream region is a DNA sequence that tells RNA where to start transcribing, which is usually A's and T's as they only for 2 Hydrogen bonds.

2. Elongation: RNA polymerase binds to DNA and opens the Helix. mRNA is built and only one strand is used as the mRNA templare. The resulting mRNA has "U" instead of "T".

3. Termination: mRNA strand is synthesized until it reaches the end of the gene. (Terminator Sequence).

mRNA is released.

4. Before the mRNA is released, a 5' Cap is added and a Poly-A tail to prevent it from being digested. Splicosomes cut out introns leaving only exons in the mRNA.

Front 80

What are the steps of Translation?

Back 80

mRNA is transported to ribosomes to be read in codons.

1. Initiation: Small ribosomal unit attatches to 5' cap and scans down. The Anticodon of tRNA attatches to the start codon. This sets the reading frame. Large ribosomal unit joins:

-(P)Peptide site: where the first tRNA binds

-(A)Amino Acid: Where the next tRNA will bind

-(E)Exit: Where the tRNA will leave from.

The ribosome is made of RNA and proteins

2. Elongation: The large ribosomal subunit catalyzes the peptide bond between the P site and the A site.

-mRNA moves forward one codon.

3. Termination: Stop codon is reached, ribosome falls off. This creates a functional protein.

tRNA is 80 nucleotifes that brings amino acids to the ribosome.

Front 81

What is growth Rate?

Back 81

Growth Rate = (present-past)/ past

Front 82

What is Death Rate?

Back 82

Death rate = # of deaths/ # of people

Front 83

What is carrying Capacity?

Back 83

The maximum number of organsms an enviroment can support

Front 84

Population Vs Community

Back 84

Population: Any group of individuals of the same species living in the same place.

Community: 2 or more populations living in the same place.

Front 85

What does mRNA do?

Back 85

Carries copied genetic information from DNA to Ribosomes.

Front 86

What does tRNA do?

Back 86

Used to decifer what mRNA brought.

Front 87

What does rRNA?

Back 87

Production of ribosomes

Front 88

How many Amino acids are there?

How mamy are Essential?

Back 88

20 Amino Acids. 9 are essential, in that our body cannot create them themselves.

Front 89

What are purines?

Back 89

Adenine and Guanine.

Front 90

How is mRNA modified before it leaves the nucleus?

Back 90

- A 5'Cap is added to protect mRNA

-A poly-A tail is added ti protect mRNA

-mRNA's introns are cut out, leaving only coding regions AKA exons.

Front 91

What does a Nucleotide consist of?

Back 91

-A phosphate

-A simple sugar

-A nitrogenous base

Front 92

________ Is the compacting of DNA.

Back 92

Supercoiling

Front 93

What is the Krebb's Cycle?

Back 93

The Citric Acid Cycle

1. Citrate---> Iso-Citrate

2. Iso-Citrate ---(NAD+--->NADH)--> a-KetoGlutarate

3. a-KetoGlutarate --(NAD+--->NADH) --->Succinyl-CoA

4. Succinyl-CoA--(ADP-->ATP)

(GDP-->GTP)--> Succinate

5. Succinate--(FAD-->FADH2)--> Fumarate

6. Fumarate---> Malate

7. Malate--(NAD+-->NADH)--> Oxaloacetate.

8. Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA --> Citrate

Front 94

Anabolic Pathways are different from Catabolic Pathways, as Anabolic Pathways _______________.

Back 94

Require Energy

Front 95

The Mitochondrial inner Membrane Consists of .......

Back 95

-Proton Pumps

- ATP Synthase

-A Lipid Bilayer

-The Electron Transport Chain

Front 96

What does Glycolysis require and produce?

Back 96

Requires:

- 6-Carbon Glucose chain

Produces:

- 2, 3 chain pyruvate

- 2NADH

- 2 ATP

Front 97

What does the Krebs Cycle Require and produce?

Back 97

Requires:

- 2 Acetyl-CoA

-O2

Produces:

-6 NADH

- 2 FADH2

- 2 ATP

- CO2

Front 98

What does the Calvin Cycle Require and produce?

Back 98

Requires:

-ATP

- CO2

- NADPH

Produces:

-G3P

- ADP

Front 99

Where do the 4 cellular processes take place?

Back 99

Glycolysis: Cytoplasm outside of Cell

Pyruvate Oxidation: Matrix

Krebs Cycle: Matix

Oxidative Phosphorylation: Inner Membrane

Front 100

Label the Citric Acid Cycle

Back 100

Front 101

What is a competitive inhibitor?

Back 101

They bind to the active site of the enzyme, competing with the substance.

Front 102

What is a non-Competitive inhibitor?

Back 102

They bind to another part of the enzyme (non-active site) causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective. Inhibitors can be toxins, pesticides, poisons etc.

Front 103

An ________ is a substance that binds to the allosteric site and puts the enzyme into the active site

Back 103

Activator

Front 104

If a substance binds to the allosteric site and puts the enzyme into an inactive state, it is called an ________.

Back 104

Allosteric Inhibitor

Front 105

Compare Passive Transport Vs Active Transport

Back 105

Passive Transport:

-No energy required

- Molecules move to equalize gradient ( concentration, pressure, charge etc.)

- Moves from high [ ] to low [ ]

- EX: Diffusion, Osmosis

Active Transport:

- Requires Energy (ATP)

- Move against concentration gradient

-EX: Sodium-Potassium pump, Endocytosis, Exocytosis etc.

Front 106

What is the Negative Feedback?

Back 106

A process by which a mechanism is activated to restore conditions to their original state

Front 107

Channel Protein Vs Carrier protein.

Back 107

Both form continuous protein pathways across the lipid bilayer.

Channel Protein:

Always passive transport

Carrier Protein:

May be passive or active transport

Front 108

Catabolism Vs Anabolism

Back 108

Catabolism: Breaking large molecules into smaller particles

Anabolism: Joining smaller particles into larger molecules

Front 109

What is the second law of Thermodynamics?

Back 109

During and process, the universe tends towards disorder.

Front 110

What are the different structures of proteins?

Back 110

Primary: The order of Amino Acids makes a line of peptide bonds.

Secondary: Hydrogen Bonds form between the amino acid chain, forma the a-Helix and beta sheet

Tertiary: More bonds between amino acid chain, imagine crumpled up ball of paper

Quarternary: Forms when 2 or more amino acid chains fit together to make an overall 3D shape.

Front 111

Label The Chloroplast Diagram.

Back 111

Front 112

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Back 112

Similarities:

-Require a point of replication

-Follow the 5' --->3' direction

-Both have continuous leading and discontinuous lagging strand

-Both use DNA polymerase enzymes

Differences: -Prokaryotes replicate faster

-Prokaryotes have 1 point of replication, eukaryotes have thousands

-DNA polymerase differ in structure and number

Front 113

What is a dipeptide bond?

Back 113

The bond that forms when 2 amino acids are connected.

Front 114

What is a nucleotide?

Back 114

Consists of a:

Phosphate

Nitrogenous base

Pentose sugar