Biology Chapter 12

Front 1

Life

Back 1

The ability to replicate and the presence of some sort of metabolic activity

Front 2

Biodiversity

Back 2

Variety and variability among genes, species, and ecosystems

Front 3

Microspheres

Back 3

A sphere with a membrane made of phospholipids and some self-replicating molecules inside

Front 4

Species

Back 4

Populations of organisms that interbreed, or could possibly interbreed with each other under natural conditions and that cannot interbreed with organisms from other such groups

Front 5

Biological species concept

Back 5

A concept that defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed

Front 6

Reproductive isolation

Back 6

The inability of individuals from two populations to produce fertile offspring with each other

Front 7

Hybrid

Back 7

Offspring that is the result of two individuals from two different species mating

Front 8

Genus

Back 8

The first of a scientific name

Front 9

Specific epithet

Back 9

The second component of a scientific name

Front 10

Hybridization

Back 10

The interbreeding of closely related individuals

Front 11

Morphological species concept

Back 11

Characterizes species based on physical features

Front 12

Speciation

Back 12

A process in which one species splits into two

Front 13

Allopatric speciation

Back 13

Separation that occurs as a result of geographic isolation

Front 14

Sympatric speciation

Back 14

Speciation that does not involve geographic isolation

Front 15

Polyploidy

Back 15

The doubling of a number if sets of chromosomes

Front 16

Phlogeny

Back 16

Evolutionary history of organisms

Front 17

Systematics

Back 17

A classification system that classifies species based on common ancestry

Front 18

Monophyletic

Back 18

Any group in which all of the individuals are more closely related to each other than to any other individuals outside of the group

Front 19

Protists

Back 19

A kingdom of mostly single-celled eukaryotes

Front 20

Convergent evolution

Back 20

Occurs when populations of different organisms live in similar environments and so experience different selective forces

Front 21

Analogous traits

Back 21

Traits that were produced by convergent evolution

Front 22

Homologous features

Back 22

Features that are inherited from a common ancestor

Front 23

Macro evolution

Back 23

Large scale changes; the products of evolutionary change involving the origins of entirely new groups of organisms

Front 24

Micro evolution

Back 24

Change in allele frequencies in a population

Front 25

Microbes

Back 25

Microscopic organisms

Front 26

Horizontal gene transfer

Back 26

Occurs when bacteria pass genes directly into another species

Front 27

Punctuated equilibrium

Back 27

A view of the pace of evolution, in which long periods of relatively little evolutionary change are punctuated by bursts of rapid change

Front 28

Adaptive radiation

Back 28

A small number of species diversified into a much larger number of species in a small amount of time

Front 29

Two conditions that define life

Back 29

1) ability to replicate

2) ability to maintain metabolism

Front 30

Prezygotic barriers

Back 30

Reproductive isolation that occurs before the zygote is formed

Front 31

Postzygotic barriers

Back 31

Reproductive isolation that occurs after the zygote is formed

Front 32

Domain

Back 32

One of the three classes of living organisms: bacteria, archea, and eukarya

Front 33

Ring species

Back 33

Two species in which some individuals in one species can interbreed with the other, and other individuals cannot

Front 34

What are the three phases of the development of life?

Back 34

1) formation of small molecules containing carbon and hydrogen

2) formation of self-replicating, information-containing molecules

3) development of a membrane

Front 35

What are the two phases of speciation?

Back 35

1) reproductive isolation

2) genetic divergence

Front 36

Reproductive isolation

Back 36

Two populations are separated from one another

Front 37

Genetic divergence

Back 37

Two populations evolving separately accumulate physical and behavioral differences over time

Front 38

What are the three types of phenomena that tend to trigger adaptive radiations?

Back 38

1. Mass extinction events

2. Colonization events

3. Evolutionary innovations

Front 39

What are the two kinds of extinctions?

Back 39

Background extinctions and mass extinctions

Front 40

What are the three domains?

Back 40

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Front 41

What are the five groups of archaea?

Back 41

1. Thermophiles (heat lovers) which live in very hot places

2. Halophiles (salt lovers) which live in very salty places

3. High- and low-pH-tolerant archaea

4. High-pressure-tolerant archaea, found as deep as 4,000 meters below the ocean surface

5. Methanogens, which are anaerobic and produce methane

Front 42

What are the two states that a species can be in?

Back 42

1. Extant (currently existing)

2. Extinct

Front 43

Describe bacteria

Back 43

Prokaryotic, asexual, single-celled organisms with no nucleus or organelles, with one or more circular molecules of DNA as their genetic material

Front 44

The eukarya domain consists of four kingdoms. What are they?

Back 44

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Front 45

What were the four steps of the Miller-Urey experiment?

Back 45

1. They created a model of the "warm little pond" and their best estimate of earth's early atmosphere: a flask of water with H2 CH4, and NH3

2) they subjected this mini world to sparks to simulate lightning.

3) they cooled the atmosphere so any compounds formed in it would rain back down into the water

4) they waited, then they examined the contents of the water to see what happened