Cell Biology From Chapter 11, 12, 13, 14, And 16

Front 1

Membranes that are made of phospholipid bilayers

Back 1

plasma membrane, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, vesicle, ER, peroxisome, lysosome, and nucleus

Front 2

Most abundant phospholipid

Back 2

Phosphatidylcholine

Front 3

Stiffens plasma membrane

Back 3

Cholesterol

Front 4

What shape do proteins that go through the membrane have?

Back 4

alphahelical

Front 5

Proteins anchored to the cytoskeleton

Back 5

anchor proteins

Front 6

White blood cells

Back 6

Neutrophills

Front 7

What can go through membranes?

Back 7

small hydrophobic molecules (02, CO2, N2, benzene) and small uncharged polar molecules (water, gylcerol, ethanol)

Front 8

What cannot go through membranes?

Back 8

Larger uncharged polar molecules (amino acids, glucose, nucleotides) and ions (H+, Na+, HCO3-, K+, Ca2+)

Front 9

Creates a solute binding site.

Back 9

Carrier protein

Front 10

Creates an acqueous pore.

Back 10

channel protein

Front 11

Requires no energy- channel and carrier

Back 11

Passive

Front 12

Requires energy- carrier protein when moving things from low to high conc.

Back 12

active

Front 13

Can switch back and forth between conformations

Back 13

carrier proteins

Front 14

Concentrations gradients can also be considered...

Back 14

electrochemical gradients

Front 15

The three types of transporters

Back 15

Coupled transporter, ATP driven pump, Light driven pump

Front 16

Na+/K+ pump

Back 16

sodium goes against its gradient, but K+ is going with its gradient

Front 17

Name the steps of the Na+/K+ pump

Back 17

step 1: sodium binding
step 2: burning ATP by phosphorylating the pump
step 3: releases sodium into extracellular space to make potassium binding site
step 4: potassium binds and dephosphorylates pump
step 5: dumps potassium out

Front 18

uniport

Back 18

move one kind of molecule

Front 19

symport

Back 19

same direction -active

Front 20

antiport

Back 20

different direction

Front 21

Gradient that is a coupled transport.

Back 21

Na+ gradient

Front 22

Gradient used for signaling

Back 22

Ca2+ gradient

Front 23

Gradient used in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Back 23

H+ gradient

Front 24

How do cells maintain homeostasis?

Back 24

the use of pumps

Front 25

Osmosis

Back 25

diffusion of water to areas with less water. the water moves to dilute things.

Front 26

K+ channel is selective which means what?

Back 26

Only lets K+ through

Front 27

How do plants move?

Back 27

Osmotic pressure

Front 28

Membrane potential must change to open.

Back 28

voltage gated channel

Front 29

Ligands bind to channel and change the conformation to open it

Back 29

Ligand-gated channel

Front 30

Physcial movement open the channel

Back 30

Mechanically gated channel

Front 31

One cell produces the hormone and it travels and hits a receptor of another cell that is specific for that one hormone

Back 31

endocrine

Front 32

no bloodstream involved because it is local influence

Back 32

paracrine

Front 33

Neurotransmitter from one cell is bound up by a receptor in another cell

Back 33

neuronal

Front 34

Two membrane bound cells need to come in contact

Back 34

Contact-dependent

Front 35

Limits cell type and limits growth, can do many things,many signals reach a single cell

Back 35

Contact-dependent signaling

Front 36

Moves things with actin

Back 36

cytoskeletal protein

Front 37

altered metabolism

Back 37

metabolic enzyme

Front 38

Controls how the blood vessels contract or expand

Back 38

nitrous oxide

Front 39

changes and relaxes smooth muscle cells which cause the blood vessels to expand

Back 39

nitric oxide

Front 40

small hydrophobic steroids

Back 40

cross membranes

Front 41

When you are stressed out, what goes up and knocks down your immune system?

Back 41

cortisol

Front 42

enzyme is a part of a molecule-dimer and receptor come together;kinase

Back 42

enzyme linked receptor

Front 43

signaling by phosphorylation

Back 43

activates enzyme

Front 44

GTP binding

Back 44

activates pathways

Front 45

Flows in through a channel wave of calcium, stops other sperm from getting in an egg

Back 45

Ca2+ signal

Front 46

Fast pathways (sec to min)

Back 46

signal binding a receptor and direct change occurs

Front 47

slow pathways (min to hrs)

Back 47

gene expression; make RNA, make protein

Front 48

stages 1 of metabolism

Back 48

breakdown of macromolecules into their simple molecules; happens in mouth and intestines

Front 49

stage 2 of metabolism

Back 49

breakdownof simple subunits; happens outside of the cytoplasm

Front 50

stage 3 of metabolism

Back 50

complete oxidation of acetyle CoA to H20 and CO2 accompanied by production of large amounts of ATP in mitochondria

Front 51

fermentation

Back 51

leads to alcohol and CO2

Front 52

action potentials

Back 52

changein membrane potentials

Front 53

mechanical

Back 53

mouth and stomach

Front 54

enzymatic

Back 54

starts in mouth ends in celss

Front 55

NaDH

Back 55

carries e- to ETC

Front 56

FaDH

Back 56

doesnt use e- for ETC

Front 57

glycogen

Back 57

short term storage

Front 58

fatty acid

Back 58

store more energy more efficiently/long term

Front 59

ETC

Back 59

uses e- from NaDH to produce ATP

Front 60

gycolysis

Back 60

builds other molecules besides ATp