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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organs in the Digestive System |
- Mouth (Digestive Tract) - Esophagus (D.T) - Liver (Accessory organs) - Stomach (D.T) - Gallbladder (A.O) - Pancreas (A.O) - Small intestine (D.T) - Large intestine (a.k.a colon) (D.T) - Rectum (D.T) - Anus (D.T) |
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The functions of the Digestive System |
The digestive system physically and chemically breaks down food. - Absorbs the nutrients into your body - Excretes the remaining waste |
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The mouth (Digestive System) |
- Starts the process of digestion - The teeth and tongue break down the food mechanically - The saliva moistens and food and contains enzymes that break apart the molecules of food (chemically) |
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The esophagus |
- The esophagus connects your mouth to your stomach - Muscular movements (called peristalsis) moves the food towards the stomach |
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The stomach |
- The stomach holds food and mixes it in order to continue the process of digestion - Smooth muscle tissue helps to mix contents - The lining contains cells that produce digestive enzymes and acids which chemically break down the food - Nerves are also present and tell us when we are full |
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The intestines |
Between the stomach and anus Small Intestine (~ 6 m long and narrow): - Nutrients are broken down by enzymes - Nutrients then diffuse through the wall of the small intestine and enter the bloodstream Large Intestine (~ 1.5 m long but larger in diameter): - Lining absorbs water from indigestible food - Remaining matter will be excreted as feces |
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Rectum |
- Where waste (such as, feces) are stored until elimination |
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Digestive enzymes |
They are supplyed by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas |
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Liver |
Produces bile which helps break down fats |
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Gallblader |
Stores bile after it is produced but before it is used in the small intestine |
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Pancreas |
Produces insulin (an enzyme) which helps regulate the concentration of glucose (form of sugar) in the blood |
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Digestive System Fun Fact |
It takes 12 - 24 hours to fully process a meal |
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Organs in the Circulatory System |
- Heart - Blood - Blood vessels *Check with textbook / teacher* |
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The functions of the Circulatory System |
- Transports substances around the body - Regulates body temperature - Transports disease fighting white blood cells to areas of the body where there are viruses or bacteria - Moves nutrients from the intestine to parts of the body - Moves oxygen from lungs to active cells - Carries carbon dioxide to be released into the air - Carries waste from the body tissues for disposal |
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What "substances" does the Circulatory System transport? |
- Oxygen (O2) - Carbon Dioxide (CO2) |
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The three main parts of the Circulatory System |
- Blood - Heart - Blood Vessels |
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Blood |
Blood is a connective tissue which has four components: - Red blood cells (44%~45%) - White blood cells - Platelets - Plasma (55%) *White blood cells and platelets make up less than 1% in blood |
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Red Blood Cells |
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide - Contains hemoglobin which: - Allows blood to carry oxygen - Gives blood its "red" colour Has a lifespan of 90 - 120 days |
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White Blood Cells |
Destroys invading bacteria and viruses - Only blood cells with a nucleus - Colorless - Has a lifespan of 13 - 20 days |
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Platelets |
Helps with blood clotting Has a lifespan of 7 - 10 days *Stops bleeding and creates a scab |
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Plasma |
A protein rich liquid, comprised mainly of water, that carries the blood cells along - Lifespan of 9 - 10 days |
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Your Pulse |
Your pulse is caused by blood being pumped through an artery. - Normal at rest range is 60 - 100 beats per minute (bpm) |
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The Heart |
- Responsible for pumping blood through large blood vessels, called arteries, which branch into smaller and smaller blood vessels - 4 chambers; right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle Atrium: Pump blood in the heart Ventricle: Pump blood to distant tissues. Cardiac Muscle Tissue: Contracts together at regular intervals Nerve Tissue: Regulates the heartbeat and transmits information to the brain Connective Tissue: Forms blood vessels and connections to it |
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Your Heartbeat |
The two heart sounds are caused by the closing of the heart valves. - "Lubb" caused by closing of valves after blood is pumped from atrium to ventricles - "Dubb" caused by closing of valves after blood is pumped outside the heart - Your heartbeat changes depending on your physical activity, stress, temperature and general health |
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Circulatory System Fun Fact |
Your heart pumps about 1 million barrels of blood during an average lifetime. |
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Arteries |
High pressure blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart - Thick walls - Carry oxygenated blood - They supply blood to all body parts |
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Veins |
They are large vessels that carry blood back to the heart - They have thinner walls than arteries because there is less pressure - They collect deoxygenated blood - They have valves to prevent back flow |
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Capillaries (Circulatory System) |
Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins - They have thin walls in order to allow diffusion with surrounding tissue - Any impact can rupture them and cause bruising Capillaries in lungs, where gas exchange takes place Capillaries in body tissues, where gas exchange takes place |
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Organs in the Respiratory System |
- Nasal Cavity - Mouth - Trachea - Bronchi - Lungs *Check in textbook* |
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The Functions of the Respiratory System |
Provides oxygen needed by the body and removes carbon dioxide (inhaling and exhaling) |
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Respiratory System Fun Facts |
The world record for holding your breath is held by Stig Severinsen, who held his breath underwater for 22 minutes |
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The Nasal Cavity |
The air enters the body through the nasal cavity - Air enters through the nostrils where it is filtered, warmed and moistened - the nostrils are lined with cilia which filters out debris |
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The mouth (Respiratory System) |
- Air may also enter through the mouth |
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Pharynx |
- Where both the nasal cavity and the mouth meet - Opens to the trachea |
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Trachea (a.k.a Windpipe) |
- Passageway for air that is lined with mucus and cilia to help trp and sweep debris out of the body - Supported by cartilage rings to keep it open - Extends downwards to bronchi |
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Bronchi |
- Two branches that are formed by trachea - Connects to right and left lung - Continues to branch off into smaller sizes until bronchioles are formed |
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Alveoli |
- Small air sacs that form at the ends of bronchioles - Have very thins walls - Are surrounded by capillaries |
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Capillaries (Respiratory System) |
- Allow oxygen to be diffused into blood cells - Allow carbon dioxide to be diffused back into the air in order to be expelled *The oxygen diffuses out of the Alveoli and then out of capillaries then finally into the bloodstream* |
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Breathing |
- The method of moving air into and out of the lungs (inhalation and exhalation) *Diahragm and muscle between the ribs* - Breathing is an involuntary process, this means no thought is required (we can control it for a while but eventually our body will take over again) |
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Gas Exchange in Other Animals |
1. Earthworms us their skin for respiration 2. Fish use gills to breath. Capillaries in the gills bring blood close to the water so oxygen can diffuse from the water into the blood and carbon dioxide can diffuse from the blood into the water. 3. Frogs can breathe through the nostrils and the skin. |
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Organs in the Musculoskeletal System |
- Bones - Muscles - Cartilage - Tendons - Ligaments |
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Functions of the Musculoskeletal System (*The number of bones in the body) |
- Provides support and structure for the body - Allows movement - Provides protection for our internal organs - Bones store calcium, minerals and marrow (which produces red and white blood cells) |
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Musculoskeletal System Fun Fact |
Babies have more bones than adults - A newborn baby has about 300 different bones |
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Bones |
- Provide Structure, protects organs, houses nerves and blood vessels - They are made of living and nonliving things - They grow and repair themselves when they are damaged - Compact Bone: Dense outer shell of bones - Spongy Bone: Contains spaces filled with bone marrow (where blood cells are formed) |
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Cartilage |
A firm connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone (a low-friction support for bones) - Found in the ear, nose, esophagus, the disks between our vertebrae and joints |
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Muscles |
Bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins. These proteins cause the muscles to contract when signalled by nerve cells. - Cardiac Muscle: Are branched and striped - Skeletal Muscle: Are striped and have many nuclei - Smooth Muscle: Are pointed at each ends |
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Tendons |
A flexible but inelastic cord of tissue that binds the muscles to bones. |
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Ligaments |
A short band of tough, flexible, connective tissue that: - Binds bone to bone (or to cartilage) - Holds together a joint |
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Movement (Musculoskeletal System) |
When muscles contract they get shorter and thicker, pulling the tendons attached to the bone causing movement. - Muscles can only pull; so every muscle group that performs an action there is a group that will perform the opposite action. Ex: Biceps and Triceps |
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Vertebrates (Musculoskeletal System) |
- Animals with backbones - Have musculoskeletal System just like ours |
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Invertebrates (Musculoskeletal System) |
- Animals with no backbones - Have no rigid frame to give them structure (such as, earthworms and jellyfish) |
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Insects and Anthropods (Musculoskeletal System) |
- Has exoskeletons (skeletal system on the outside) - Muscles are attached inside the exoskeleton |
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Organs in the Nervous System |
Central Nervous System: - Brain - Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: - Peripheral Nerves that connect to the Central Nervous System |
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The Function of the Nervous System |
A delicate netweork of nerves and other organs that is responsible for transmitting signals in both directions between your brain and the rest of the body in order to: - Sense the environment - Coordinate appropriate responses |
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The Nervous System Fun Fact |
There are more nerve cells in the human brain than there are stars in the Milky Way! |
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Brain |
- Sorts out all signals and coordinates an appropriate response - Protected by the skull |
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Spinal Cord |
- All signals pass through the spinal cord - Protected by the spine |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
- Consists of nerves that connect the body to the central nervous system - Relays information about the internal and external environments to the brain - Relay information from the brain to other parts of the body to control the body's functions and responses 1. Nerves that carry information from the sensory organs such as the eyes, ears, taste buds and touch receptors to the brain 2. Nerves that controls the voluntary muscles 3. Nerves that regulates involuntary functions; such as, breathing, heartbeat and digestion |
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Neurons |
Communication Specialists The special cell which makes up nerve tissue. Conduct electrical signals from one area of the body to another. Myelin Sheath: Fatty material which insulates axons to prevent signals from going in the wrong direction and increases speed. Neurons in the central nervous system DO NOT easily regenerate. |
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Sensory Receptors |
Special cells and tissues that recieve input from our external environment and send signals along the peripheral nerves to our central nervous system. Ex: Receptors in muscles and skin |
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Digestive System Diseases |
Diarrhea: - Can be caused by a stomach flu; a number of different bacteria in one's stomach - Food poisoning (bacteria within the food is consumed) |
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Circulatory System Diseases |
AIDS: A viral infection that destroys the fighting ability of white blood cells. Symptoms: Rapid weight loss, fever, tiredness Treatment: No cure but medication can alleviate symptoms Hemophilia: The inability to produce a blood clot. It can lead to excessive bleeding. Symptoms: Nosebleeds or other unexplained bleeding Treatment: Replacement therapy for missing clotting factor |
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Respiratory System Diseases |
Asthma: A condition in which irritants cause the airways to become inflammed, broncioles constrict and excess muscus is produced. Symptoms: Difficulty breathing Diagnosis: Physical examination Treatment: Medication (Inhalers) Severe Acute Respiratory System (SARS): A serious form of viral pneumonia (lung inflammation) which can be fatal. Originated in China and spread to 37 countries in 2003. Symptoms: High fever, shortness of breath, dry cough, sore throat, headache, muscle pain, exhaustion Diagnosis: Chest x-ray and study of cell samples |
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Musculoskeletal System Diseases |
Osteoporosis: A loss of bone tissue resulting in the bones becoming brittle and weak typically due to hormonal changes, or lack of calcium. Reduce your risk by consuming food that are rich in calcium. Pulls and Tears: Severe movement may pull or tear ligaments, tendons and muscle tissue. Fractures: Severe movement may also fracture (break) a bone. |
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Nervous System Diseases |
Concussions: A violent blow or shake that results in the brain colliding with the skull causing brusing, tearing of blood vessels and injuring of the nerves. Temporary loss of brain function. Symptoms: Difficulty thinking and concentrating, more emotional, sleeping irregularities and headaches. |
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Organ/Tissue Donation (ethical dilemmas) |
- Heart, Kidney, Liver, Lung, Pancreas, Intestines - Cornea, Skin, Bone, Bone Marrow, Tendons, Blood Vessels - Religions may be against organ donations - Living donor could die from the surgery - Organ could be rejected by the body - Additionally, along with organ donation, there has been a lot of controversy around the sale of human organs. |
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Xenotransplantation |
The process of transplanting organs or tissues from one species to another. - Only breeding animals to kill them for their organs. - No rights for animals. - Some may feel disgusted by/against having an pig's organ or tissue inside of them. |
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Comparison between Animal and Frog |
Digestive System: Very similar / The same to humans. Respiratory System: Frog's skin participates in gas exchange. However, both frogs and humans have lungs. Circulatory System: There are 3 chambers in the frog heart and 4 chambers in the human heart. Axial Region: Extends from the anterior to the posterior region through the torso. Appendicular Region: The frog's fore and hind limbs. |
