Gov't Vocb From Ch 6 Of American Government: Continuity And Change

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Affirmative action

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policies designed to give specialattention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.

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Black codes

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laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

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Brown vs Board of Education

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(1954) U.s. Supreme ct decision holding that shool segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the 14th amendment's guarantee of equal protection; marked the end of legal segregation in the u.s.

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Civil rights

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Refers to the gov't-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary of discriminatory treatment by gov'ts or individuals based on categories such as race, sex, national origin, age, religion, or sexual orientation.

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Civil rights act of 1964

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Legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and racial discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commision

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Civil Rights Cases (1883)

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Name attached to five cases brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1875. In 1883, the Supreme Ct decided that discrimination in a variety of public accommodations, including theaters, hotels, and railroads, not be prohibited by the act because such discrimination was private discrimination and not state discrimination.

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de facto discrimination

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racial discrimination that results from practice (such as housing patterns or other social institutional, non- governmental factors) rather than the law.

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de jure discrimination

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Racial segregation that is a direct result of the law or official policy

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Equal Pay Act of 1963

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Legislation that requires employees to pay men and women equal pay for equal work

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Equal protection clause

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section of the 14th amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive "equal protection of the laws"

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Equal Rights Amendment

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Proposed amendment that would bar discrimination against woment by federal or state gov'ts

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Fifteenth amendment

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one of the three civil war amendments; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves

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Fourteenthth Amendment

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One of the three Civil war Amendments; guarantees equal protection and due process of the laws to all u.s. citizens

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grandfather clause

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voting qualification provision in many southernstates that allowed only those whose grandathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test.

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jim crow laws

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Laws enacted by southern states that discriminated against blacks by creating "whites only" schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations.

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nineteenth amendment

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amendment to the constitution that guaranteed women the right to vote.

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Plessy vs Ferguson (1896)

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plessy challenged a Louisiana statue requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites. the ct. found that separate but equal accommodations didn't violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment

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poll tax

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a tax leviedin many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot.

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Strict scrutiny

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A heightened standard of review used by the supreme ct to determine the constitutional validity of challenged practice.

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Suffrage movment

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the drive for voting rights for women that took place in the U.S., from 1890- 1920

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Suspect classificaion

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Category or class, such as race, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Ct.

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Thirteenth amendment

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one of the three civil war amendments; specifically bans slavery in the U.S.

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Title IX

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Provision o f the Educational Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions receiving federal funds from discriminating against female students.