Gov't

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characterisics that are important to look at when determining whether or not a poll is reliable

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proper question wording, accurate sample

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margin of error helps u determine what about a poll?

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# of respondents & error rate

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tracking polls

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enables campaign to chart its daily rise/fall

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exit polls

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conducated at polling place on election day

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deliberative polls

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large scientific sample of americans selected (600) for intensive briefings, discussions, and presentations about issue clusters inclduing foreign affairs, family, & economy.

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public opinion

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what the ppl. think about an issue or set of issues at any given point in time & opinions are normally measure by opinion polls.

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agents/factors that influence political opinion formation

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family, mass media, social groups, peers, school, impact of events

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direct primary

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section of party candidates through the ballots of qualified voters

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patronage

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jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends & political allies for their support

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coattail effect

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tendency of lesser known or weaker candidates lower on the ballot to profit in an election by the presence of the partys ticket of a more popular candidate

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party that enjoyed dominaice during reconstruction

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republican

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party has enjoyed dominace since 1970

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neither

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party in the electorate

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voters who consider themselves allied or associated with the party

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spoils system

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firing of public-office holders of a defeated political party & their replacement with loylalists of the newly elected party

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party identification generally comes from whom?

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a citizen

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people who tend to vote democrats

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labor unions, women, african americans, hispanics, young people, blue collar workers, unemployed, catholic, jews, and widowed

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people who tend to vote republican

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chambers of commerce, west, men (split evenly), cuban americans, professionals, exexcutives, white collar workers, high status protestants, married couples, conservatives

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initatives

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allows citizens to propse legislation & submit to popular vote

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referendum

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allows legislature to submit proposed legislation for popular approval

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recall elections

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allow citizens to remove someone from office

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total # of electoral votes

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538

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majority of _____ wins presidency

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270

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party realignments

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are rare occurrences in which existing party affillations change dramatically & the changes last over several election cycles

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congressional elections:

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candidates tend to be less visible, most candidates are/were state legislators, name recognition is most important battle of campaign, candidates recieve lil media coverage

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closed primary

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party members allowed to vote

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open primary

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allow independents & members of otehr parties to vote

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blanket primary

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voters may vote in either partys primary, but not in both, on an office by office basis.

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people who tend to vote:

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income, age, gender, & race

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political money is regulated under the

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federal elections campagin act of 1971, 1974, & 1976

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Buckley v. Valeo

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struck down limtis on personal campaign spending

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PACs may donate

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$5,000 per candidate/election

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individuals may donate

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$21,000 candidate/election

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____to all candidates combined a calendar year

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$25,000

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soft money

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money with no limits/rules that is raised & spent outside of federal elecitons guidelines

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houses races usally cost _____ for incumbents

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$400-700

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influential national newspaper:

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New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Christian Science Monitor

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First president to have a press secretary

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FDR

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mass media may not be successful in telling ppl what to think, but they are successful in thelling their audience _________________.

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what to think about

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3/4 of Americans routinely depend on for most of their foreign affairs info

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daily newspaper

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which party do most jouranlists identify themselves with

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democratic

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actus reus

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the wrongful deed that comprises the physical components of a crime & that generally must be coupled with mens rea to establish criminal liability. A forbidden act

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chattel

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movable or transferable property. A chattel can be a tangible good or an intangible right (such as a patent)

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indictment

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the fomral written accusation of a crime, made by a grand jury & presented to a court prosecution against the accused person. The act or process of preparing or bringing forward such a formal written accusation

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libel

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A defamatory statement expressed in a fixed medium (such as writing, a picture, sign, or electronic broadcast). Libel is classified as both a crime and a tort, but is no longer prosecuted as a crime.

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respondeat superior

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The doctrine holding an employer or principal liable for the employees or agents wrongful acts committed within the scope of the semployment or agency.

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slander

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A defamatory statement expressed in a transitory form such as speech. Damages for slander, unlike those for libel, are not presumed & thus must be proved by the plaintiff. The act of making such a statement.

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Summary Judgement

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A judgement granted on a claim about which there is no genusine issue of material fact and upon which the movant is entitled to prevail as a matter of law. This procedure deveice allows the speedy disposition of a controversy without the need for trial.

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Vior Dire

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french for "speaking the truth". A preliminary examinatio nof a prospective juor by a judge or lwayer to decide whether the prospect is qualified & suitable to serve on a jury