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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Articles of Confederation |
Poopy |
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Great Compromise |
Recommended a bicameral legislature |
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Three-fifths Compromise |
Slaves counted as 3/5ths a person |
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Separation of Powers |
Separate branches would have specific powers to check the other branches of government |
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Checks and Balances |
Powers of each branch is checked and balanced by the other branches |
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Federalism |
Division of power between federal government and the state governments |
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Enumerated Powers |
Powers specifically for the Federal Government that are written in the constitution |
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Concurrent Powers |
Powers shared by the federal government and state governments |
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Reserved Powers |
Powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people |
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Supremacy Clause |
National Government is supreme |
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Necessary and Proper Clause |
Gives Congress authority to enact any laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated powers |
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Full Faith and Credit Clause |
Provides that the various states must recognize legislative acts, public records, and judicial decisions of the other states within the United States |
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Nullification (nullification doctrine) |
Believed that the state governments had power over the federal governments because the states had ratified the Constitution |
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Equal Protection Clause |
All people get the equal protection of the laws |
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Missouri Compromise 1820 |
Prohibited slavery in territories and new states above a certain latitude line except Missouri |
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Civil Rights Act 1866 |
Declared that people born in the US and not subject to any foreign power are entitled to be citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude |
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McCulloch V Maryland 1819 |
Found it was reasonable to imply that Congress had the power to charter a bank so a tax on the US bank is unconstitutional |
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Dred Scott v Sandford 1857 |
Court ruled that African Americans, free or not, were not considered citizens and therefore, had no right to sue in a federal court |
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Writs of habeas corpus |
A court order that requires authorities to bring the accused to court and they can be freed from unlawful detention if they lack sufficient cause or evidence |
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Seditious Speech |
Speech the encourages rebellion against the government |
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Civil Liberties |
Personal guarantees and freedoms that government cannot abridge, either by law, constitution, or judicial interpretation |
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13th Amendment |
Abolished slavery |
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14th Amendment |
Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US |
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15th Amendment |
Granted all men the right to vote |
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Slander |
A false SPOKEN statements that defames the character of a person |
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Libel |
A false written statement that defames the character of a person |
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Exclusionary Rule |
Bars the use of evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment; the goal is to deter police from illegal conduct |
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Establishment Clause |
Directs the national government not to sanction an official religion |
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Free Exercise Clause |
Prohibits the US government from interfering with a citizen's right to practice his or her religion |
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Right to Privacy |
Individuals are not specifically granted right to privacy but some ares of life are off limits |
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de jure discrimination |
Discrimination by law |
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Privileges and immunities clause |
Guarantees that citizens of each state have the same rights as all other states |
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Due Process Clause |
Limits states' abilities to deprive citizens of their legal rights |
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Barron v Baltimore 1833 |
The Bill of Rights did not apply to the states |
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Gibbons v Ogden 1824 |
The Bill of Rights did not apply to the states |
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Symbolic Speech |
The use of symbols and/or actions, rather than words, to convey ideas |
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1st Amendment |
-Freedom of Religion, speech, assembly, association, and press |
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4th Amendment |
Forbids unreasonable searches and seizures |
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5th Amendment |
-Right to grand jury hearing in criminal cases -Forbids double jeopardy -Forbids self-incrimination -Right to due process |
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6th Amendment |
-Right to trial by jury -Right to present favorable witnesses |
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8th Amendment |
-Forbids excessive bail and fines -Forbids cruel and unusual punishment |
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Espionage Act 1917 |
Prohibits conveying false reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military |
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Sedition Act 1918 |
Prohibited disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government |
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Griswold v Connecticut 1965 |
Ruled that outlawing the sale of contraceptives violated marital privacy |
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Civil Rights |
Civil rights provide freedom from arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by the government or individuals |
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Poll Tax |
Tax that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot |
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Strict Scrutiny |
Race, Religion, or national orgin |
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Intermediate Review |
Review based on intermediate scrutiny |
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de facto Discrimination |
Discrimination that results from practices rather than by the law |
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19th Amendment |
Women's voting |
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24th Amendment |
Prohibited poll taxes for federal elections |
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Citizenship Clause |
All persons born or naturalized in the US are citizens |
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Equal Pay Act 1963 |
Establishes that employers will not pay different wages based on sex |
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Civil Rights Act 1964 |
Prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin in schools, public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce, employment, and voter registration |
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Plessy v Ferguson |
Court ruled that separate-but-equal accommodations did NOT violate the fourteenth amendment's equal protection clause |
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Obergefull v. Hodges |
The 14th amendment requires both marriage licensing and recognition of same-sex marriage |
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Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
Applied a nationwide prohibition against the denial or abridgment of the right to vote based on the literacy tests on a nationwide basis |
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Brown v Board of Education |
Court ruled that school segregation is unconstitutional because it violates the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment |
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Lawrence v. Texas |
Court ruled that states could not criminalize private sexual bahavior |
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Apportionment |
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Gerrymandering |
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Unified Government |
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Divided Governemtn |
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Speaker of the House |
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Joint Committee |
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Special Committee |
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Standing Committee |
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Original jurisdiction |
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Appellate jurisdiction |
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U.S. District court |
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U.S. Courts of Appeal |
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Judicial review |
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Writ of certiorari |
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Rule of four |
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Amicus curiae |
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Precedent |
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Marbury v Madison |
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Majority opinion |
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Dissenting opinion |
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Concurring opinion |
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22nd Amendment |
President can only serve 2 four year terms |
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25th Amendment |
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Cabinet |
the body of the presidential advisers who head the fifteen executive departments |
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Executive privilege |
Allows the president and other high officials of the executive branch to keep certain communications private |
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Veto |
authority to reject bills passed by both houses of congress |
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Pardon |
an executive grant releasing an individual from punishment or legal consequences of a crime before or after conviction |
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Executive order |
make laws by sidestepping Congress |
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War Powers Resolution |
limits the president's authority to introduce American troops into hostile lands without congressional approval |
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Posse Comitatus Act |
prohibits the use of the military in the role of domestic law enforcement outside of the cases listed here |
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Federal bureaucracy |
federal government agencies and institutions that implement and administer federal laws and programs |
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Spoils system |
selecting employees on the basis of party loyalty |
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Pendleton Act |
Established merit system of federal employment |
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Merit System |
employment system based on qualifications, test scores and ability, rather than loyalty |
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Government corporations |
performs functions in a business-like manner |
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Independent agencies |
deal with a narrow, specific set of issues |
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Independent regulatory commissions |
agencies outside of the cabinet departments that make and enforces rules and regulations |
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Hatch Act |
prohibits federal employees from engaging in partisan political activity, including running for public office, soliciting campaign funds, or campaigning for or against a party or candidate |
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Secular realignment |
gradual shift of party coalitions, based more on demographic shifts than on shocks to the political systems |
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Party realignment |
dramatic shifts in partisan preference that drastically alter the political landscape |
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National Party convention |
each party holds it to nominate its presidential and vice presidential candidates |
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National party platform |
most visible instrument that parties use to formulate, convey, and promote public policy |
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Invisible primary |
the year leading up to the Iowa caucuses when candidates compete for donors and endorsements |
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Party polarization |
parties diverge from one another |
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Bipartisanship |
when parties find common ground through compromise |
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Primary Election |
voters decide which candidate will go on to challenge a candidate of an opposing party for office |
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Caucus |
a meeting of citizens in a public place who are members of a particular political party, to select candidate or decide policy |
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Proportional representation primary |
delegates are given to candidate in proportion to the votes they get in each state |
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Retrospective judgement |
voters tend to reward the president's party during good economic times and punish that party during bad economic times |
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Frontloading |
states choose the earliest date possible on the nomination calendar in order to gain the most attention in the press for their state |
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Federal Election Campaign Act |
made changes hoping to curb reliance on a few very rich donors and equalize amount of money spent by both parties |
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Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act |
a bipartisan law was passed that set new limites on contributions and advertising |
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Citizens United v FEC |
ruled that certain parts of the BCRA were unconstitutional |
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McCutcheon v FEC |
aggregate limits restricting how much money a donor may contribute to candidates for federal office |
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Hard money |
money given to specific candidates |
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Soft Money |
money given to a party (unregulated) |
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Lobbying |
attempts to influence government through persuasion of public officials |
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Narrowcasting |
targeting specific populations |
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Public opinion poll |
interviews or surveys with samples of citizens that estimate the feelings and beliefs of larger populations |
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Sampling error |
accuracy of a poll depends on the quality of the sample |
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Margin of error |
statistical device that provides a numerical calculation for how close the results of a poll are to the truth |
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Political socialization |
process through which individuals acquire their political beliefs and values |