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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Baby Booms
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any period of greatly increased birth rate during a certain period, and usually within certain geographical bounds, persons born during such a period are often called baby boomers
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Carbon Sinks
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reservoirs of carbon dioxide. main natural sinks are oceans and plants that use photosynthesis to remove carbon from the atmosphere
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Centrally Planned Economy
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a country where (nearly) all business and industry is controlled by the state
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Reverse Colonialism
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where companies from previously colonised countries buy up companies in previously colonial countries - e.g. Tata Steel from India taking over the British/Dutch steel company Corus in 2006
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Core and Periphery
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model of development which tries to represent the emergence of an urban system in four major stages. in between the affluent core and the deprived periphery are two "transition" regions, one "upward" adn the other "downward". in international terms, core areas include North America, Europe and Japan
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Digital Divide
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the gap between those with regular, effective access to digital and information technology, and those without
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Dynamic System
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a social or geophysical structure that is constantly changing
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Economic Migrants
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people from a poor area who move to a richer area in search of a better life
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Edge Cities
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cities which have grown up on the periphery of older cities, to which new industries and services have moved, away from the old CBD
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Fair Trade
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an organized social and economic movement with regard to trade between developed and developing countries which promotes the payment of a fair price and higher social and environmental standards in areas related to the production of a wide variety of goods
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First World
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Western Europe, Japan, Australasia and North America, these where the first areas to industrialise, also known as the "developed world"
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Third World
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an undated term for the poor or developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America
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Fortress Europe
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the term sometimes given to the concept of the EU's efforts to keep non-EU goods, businesses and nationals out of the Union's twenty-seven member states
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Free Trade
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trade between countries which takes place completely free of restrictions
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Grey Pound
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a term used in the UK to refer to the economic power of older, retired people
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Greying
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a term used to mean the increase in the proportion of older people in the population
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Illegal Migrant
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a foreigner who either has illegally crossed an international political border, be it by land, sea or air or a foreigner who has entered a country legally but then overstays his/her visa in order to live and/or work in the country
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Immigration
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the inward flow of people into a country
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Emmigration
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the flow of people out of a country
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Millennium Development Goal
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eight goals that 192 United Nations member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015 to help raise development standards
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Outputs
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something that comes out of a system
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Inputs
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something that is put into a system
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Privatisation
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where government-owned businesses are sold to private owners
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Push Factor
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any adverse factor which causes movement away from the place of residence
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Pull Factors
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any adverse factor which causes movement into a new place of residence
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Quotas
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a fixed level indicating the maximum amount of imported goods or persons which a state will allow in
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Remittance Payments
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money that is sent home to families by people working in a foreign country or in a city in their own country
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Replacement Levels
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the fertility rate needed to maintain population at its existing size by natural change (without allowing for net immigration)
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Replacement Migration
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where migrant workers are encouraged to move from states which have a labour surplus to states which have labour or skills shortages, this requires cooperation between states and is best managed within an organisation like the EU
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Rural-Urban Migration
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the movement of people from the countryside to the cities in the search of work
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Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme (SAWS)
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an EU scheme allowing people (mostly students from Eastern European countries) to work in other EU countries for limited periods
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Seasonal Workers
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a worker who is allowed into a country to work only for a limited period, usually in agriculture
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Sheltered Accomodation
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a term used for self-contained homes specially designed for the elderly, the aim is to provide independent secure accomodation with additional social and domestic facilities
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Social Cohesion
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the linking together of people who are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as values, visions, financial ties, friendship and kinship
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Tariffs
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a list of duties or customs to be paid on imports
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Three Ds
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jobs which are difficult, dirty and dangerous
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
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the average number of children who would be born per woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and follow normal patterens of fertility
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Tourist Enclave
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an area set aside for tourists where they have little or no contact with the society they are visiting. it may have no benefit for the local economy as all its goods and services are brought in from outside
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World Bank
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a bank that is effectively controlled by subscriptions from rich countries which provides aid to the developing world
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New Economy
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where companies and countries are based more on creativity, in finance, media and management, rather than on the production of goods
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Just-In-Time
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where companies demand goods from suppliers on short timescales, rather than producing and holding large volumes of stock themselves
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Globalisation
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the processes by which people, their cultures, money, goods and infromation can be transferred between countries with few or no barriers
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Connections
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how places and people are linked together - e.g. by trade, transport and information links, and by political control
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Disconnected
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some countries become less influential and less involved in economic decision-making
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Connected
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some countries become more influential and more involved in economic decision-making
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Modernisation Theory
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means by which the world would become more economically uniform, using Western investment aimed at reducing poverty
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Trading Blocs
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countries which group together to improve their economic interests and trade patterns
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GNP (Gross National Product)
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the value of all goods and services earned by a country, including companies working abroad
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GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
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the value of all goods and services earned by a country but excludes foreign earnings
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Per Capita
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an average per person figure - e.g. GDP per capita means average income per person
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Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
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relates average earnings to prices and what it will buy, because a dollar buys more in some countries than in others
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The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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a global banking organisation based in Washington (and largely controlled by the USA), which exists to ensure global banking stability by assisting countries with investments and debt
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Export Processing Zones
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zones in which businesses are free to import raw materials, process and manufacture them, and re-export without paying duties or tariffs - helping to keep costs down
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Source Nations
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those from which migrants have come
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Host Nations
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those where migrants decide to go, or to which they are admitted
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Natural Increase or Decrease
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the difference between birth rate and death rate in a population
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Ageing Population
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the average age of the population is increasing, usually as a result of increasing life expectancy and a falling birth rate
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Fertility Rate
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average number of children born per woman
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Enclave
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a group of people living in a community which is isolated or seperated from the rest of the population
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Net Migration
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the figure arrived at when natural increase is subtracted from the total change in the population
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Population Structure
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the proportion of people in each age group compared to other age groups
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Urbanisation
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the increase in the percentage of people living in towns and cities
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Super City
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population of over 5 million
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Megacity
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population of over 10 million
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World Cities
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cities of power based on trade, political strength, innovation and communications
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Megalopolis
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very large urban area that contains several metropolitan centres
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Deindustrialisation
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the decline in manufacturing (secondary) industry, and the growth in tertiary and quaternary industry
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Ethnic Enclave
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part of a city in which the population is mainly from one ethnic group, often of its own religious beliefs and places of worship, together with shops and community centres
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Hyper-Urbanisation
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where the increase in the urban population is happening so rapidly that the ciy cannot cope with the needs of the people
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Informal Sector
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self-employed work that is irregular and with little security - e.g. street trading
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Ecological Footprint
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a measure of the amount of land and water that a population needs in order to produce the resources that it consumes, and to absorb its waste, with existing technology
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Agenda 21
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a programme run by the United Nations related to sustainable development, it is a plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and loacally by organisations of the UN, governments and major groups in every area in which humans impact on the environment
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Sustainable Development
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development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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