Glossary Of Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery

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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

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Defined as the specialty of dentistry that includes the diagnosis and surgical treatment of diseases, injuries, and defects, including both the functional and the esthetic aspects of the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial regions. The surgery that general practitioners of dentistry perform in the office is usually much less extensive than that practiced by specialists in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

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Scope of Practice-For the GP

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The individual dentist's desire to perform surgery
The dentist's training and experience
The dentist's level of skill
The availability of specialists in the dentist's geographic area

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Simple Extraction

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The removal of a tooth without the need for a bone removal or reflection of a mucoperiosteal flap.

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Mucoperiosteal Flap -

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A flap of soft tissue overlying the tooth. The flap is full thickness and includes all tissue overlying the bone.

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Surgical Extraction

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The removal of a tooth or tooth root which requires the reflection of a mucoperiosteal flap for access, and may also require the removal of overlying alveolar bone, and or sectioning of the tooth.

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Tooth Sectioning

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Dividing the tooth into segments with chisels or burs to facilitate removal

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Impacted Tooth

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A tooth which has not erupted into its normal expected position in the dental arch, and whose normal eruption is not anticipated.

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Third Molar

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The most commonly impacted tooth. Also referred to as the wisdom tooth.

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Instruments

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Instruments designed for the delivery of force in order to dilate the tooth socket, sever the periodontal ligament attachment of a tooth, and allow withdrawal of the tooth from the socket.

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Elevators

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Instrument designed to wedge or shoehorn the tooth from the socket.

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Extraction Forceps

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Used to grasp the tooth.

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Pre-Prosthetic Surgery

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Preparation of the alveolar bone and overlying soft tissue to support a denture prosthesis.

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Alveoloplasty

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Re-contouring or reduction of the alveolar bone

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Tuberosity Reduction

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The reduction or re-contouring of the maxillary tuberosity

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Removal of Tori

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Tori are inherited exostoses (projections of bone beyond the normal bony contour of the maxilla or the mandible, which usually do not require removal unless they interfere with the placement of a prosthesis).

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Labial or Buccal Frenectomy

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Surgical procedure to either completely remove, or change the orientation of bands of fibrous connective tissue or muscle. These bands extend from the lip and cheek into the alveolar mucoperiosteum.

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Lingual Frenectomy

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Surgical removal or re-orientation of connective tissue or muscle attachments which limit movement of the tongue

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Maxillary or mandibular ridge augmentation

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Procedures to increase the height and/or improve the contour of the alveolar ridges to better support a prosthesis.

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what materials can be used in ridge augmentation?

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Superior Border Placement
Bone
Synthetic Bone Substitute (i.e. hydroxylapatite)
Combination of Bone and Synthetic Material
Inferior Border Augmentation of the Mandible with Bone

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Vestibuloplasty

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Procedure used to extend the labial, buccal, or lingual sulcus to create more surface area of attached mucosal tissue to better support a dental prosthesis.

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Submucosal Vestibuloplasty

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Procedure to remove tissue, resulting in attachment of epithelium to periosteum thereby creating fixed mucosal tissue from moveable mucosa.

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Tissue Grafting Vestibuloplasty

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Procedure to remove moveable tissue from the periosteum, and to graft or replace the removed moveable tissue, which becomes fixed to the periosteum and creates better denture support.

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Orthognathic Surgery

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Procedures to alter the relationship of the jaws and alveolar ridges to each other, using the cranial base as a reference.

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LeFort I Osteotomies

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The most commonly used maxillary orthognathic surgery procedure, is done intraorally, and separates the tooth bearing portion from the rest of the facial skeleton.

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Ramus Osteotomies

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Procedures to separate the tooth bearing anterior segment of the mandible from the posterior position which includes the TMJ. Most common are the saggital split osteotomy and the intra-oral vertical subcondylar osteotomy.

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Reconstructive Surgery

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Procedures to restore missing parts of bone or soft tissue. Usually include autogenous bone grafts from the patients own cranium, iliac crest, or rib. Also may include allogenic grafts, which are bone taken from a donor, usually cadaveric, and prepared by procedures such as decalcification or freeze-drying.

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Myo-cutaneous Flaps

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Are also elemental to restoring soft tissue into areas of ablative surgery and areas affected by radiation therapy and traumatic injury.

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Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery

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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons usually perform the repair of alveolar bone of the cleft, usually when the patient is from 6 -12 years of age. Bone is grafted in to the cleft to facilitate eruption of the developing permanent teeth.

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Trauma Surgery

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Soft Tissue Trauma includes lacerations, which may be minor or major. Treatment involves debridement to remove non-vital tissue and foreign bodies, control of bleeding, re-approximation of lacerated margins and suturing. Bony trauma (fractures) are manufactured by re-approximation of fractured segments, and fixation and stabilization. Fixation may be done by placing metal arch bars on the upper and lower teeth, and using these to wire the upper teeth and lower teeth together for four to six weeks. Other methods of fixation include bone screws, and external pin fixation devices.

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Management of Infections

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Infections which have spread beyond the confines of the mandible or maxilla into contiguous fascial spaces usually require an incision and drainage procedure to allow the escape of purulent material.

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Cosmetic Surgeries

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Facial Plastic surgery procedures

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what are examples of facial plastic surgery?

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Blepharoplasty
Rhinoplasty
Rhytidectomies
Chemical Peels/Demabrasion

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Blepharoplasty

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Reconstruction or removal of tissue from the "eyelids"

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Rhinoplasty

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Revision of the nose

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Rhytidectomies

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Face Lifts

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Chemical Peels/Dermabrasion

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Caustic removal of lines and wrinkles/scars from the facial region