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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is globalisation?
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the process of the world's economies, cultures and politics becoming more integrated
- the world becoming one community |
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what three things cause globalisation?
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international trade
improving communications international investments |
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what are the 4 improvements in communications?
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ICT
Transport Call centres abroad Localised industrial regions |
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what are the improvements within ICT and how do they increase globalisation?
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e-mail, internet, mobiles, faster more efficient and faster
a company can communicate with its headquarters in another country quickly and efficiently - no time lost |
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what are the improvements within transport and how do they increase globalisation?
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more airports, faster trains, larger ships
quicker and easier for people to communicate face to face products can be accessed and distributed globally |
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what are the call centres?
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handle telephone enquiries about business
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how has ICT allow call centres to be brought abroad?
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improvements in ICT have allowed them to be just as easily run abroad as in own country because the communication is not limited by distance
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why are a lot of call centres based abroad?
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the labour costs are cheaper and so, the running cost is less
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give an example
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2004, AVIVA moved 950 call centre jobs from UK to India and Sri Lanka because it cost less there (40% less in India)
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what are localised industrial regions?
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they are when a business is based in a certain area where it can access resources and be in a place that is most useful for them
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how has improved ICT and transport allowed this to happen?
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they can easily communicate with people from other places around the world to get things they need
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give an example
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Renault Formula 1 team have head quarters near to a race circuit so they can test their cars and have access to skilled workers. People can easily fly into the area and manufactures use ICT to communicate to receive and send data
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what was the diet of many people before the 1960's?
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they ate a small range of seasonal foods which weren't imported ususally
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what is food demand like now?
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people expect a large range of foods no matter the season
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what has this lead to?
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globalisation of the food industry
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what else has caused food demand to increase?
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an increasing population
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how has this lead to food being imported?
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country's try to meet the high demand for food, but many can't, so they have to import food too
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what 4 categories do the impacts of meeting food demands come under?
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Environmental, Economical, Social, Political
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what impact does importing food have on the environment?
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imported foods have high food miles and large carbon footprints - more CO2 and global warming
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how do they try to reach demand without importing food?
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they do local intensive farming - pesticides, fertilisers and machinery
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what is the impact of local intensive farming?
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uses a lot of energy and big carbon foot print to make chemicals and run machinery
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how else do they try to reach demands without importing food?
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marginal farming (not fully suitable faming land) where soil is thin and eroded away eventually - degrading environment
e.g. edge of desert |
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what is the political issue of producing more food?
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hostilities between low rainfall countries over water because increased food production means an increased need for water.
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give an example
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tensions between Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt who all take water from the river Nile
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what is one of the political issues with producing more food? (negative)
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using chemicals to produce lots of food is very expensive and farmers may have to borrow money to buy them, which gets them in debt
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what is another political issue with producing more food? (positive)
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farmers can gain a steady income with exporting their goods
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what is a social issue with producing more food?
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farmers switching from subsistence farming to commercial farming which can make them more money. However, locals have to import food (expensive) instead of using local farm food
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what are farmers at risk of when exporting cash crops?
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world prices dropping so they can't earn enough money to buy themselves/family food
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what is a TNC?
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a trans-national corporation
they work in more than one country, either through location, production or sales |
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how do they increase globalisation?
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through linking countries together through sales or production of goods
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where are the factories usually located?
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in poorer countries
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why?
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because they have lower labour costs, thereby giving them a greater profit
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where are the headquarters/offices usually located?
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in richer countries
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why?
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more people with administrative skills because education is better
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what are 4 advantages of TNCs?
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1. creates jobs in several countries
2. people in poorer countries have a more reliable income as opposed to farming 3. TNCs invest in improving infrastructure 4. new skills/technology brought to poorer countries |
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what are 4 disadvantages of TNCs?
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1. employees in poorer countries paid less than in rich countries
2. employees in poorer countries may work long hours 3. TNCs mostly come from richer countries so profits invested there, not in poorer countries 4. jobs in poor countries aren't secure - relocate |
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what is the name of the group of countries which TNCs are moving a lot of their manufacturing/factories to?
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NICs - newly industrialised countries
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what are the 5 main reasons why TNCs have moved their factories to NICs?
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1. cheap labour
2. tax free zones and tax incentives 3. laxer regulations (health and safety) 4. long working hours 5. prohibition of strikes |
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explain how cheap labour in NICs increases manufacturing there
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some NICs don't have a minimum wage but even when they do, its much lower than richer countries
Manufacturing cost are cut down and more profit is made |
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explain how tax free zones and tax incentives in NICs increases manufacturing there
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tax free zones - specific areas of the NICs where the TNC doesn't have to pay any tax
Tax incentives - reduction in tax if the TNC move their manufacturing tot eh country both reduce cost of manufacturing |
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explain how laxer regulations, especially in health and safety in NICs increases manufacturing there
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fewer health and safety regulations which aren't enforced - less money is needed to be spent installing and enforcing safety in factories - cheaper production
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explain how long working hours in NICs increases manufacturing there
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rules about working hours aren't as strict in NICs as they are in richer countries - more products can be made each day
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explain how the prohibition of strikes in NICs increases manufacturing there
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some NICs don't allow employees to strike, so they can't protest against things like low pay - money isn't lost when workers stop working
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what has been manufactured for many years in the UK?
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cars
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in recent years, the amount of manufacturing in some rich countries has been...
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...decreasing
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what is this process called?
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deindustrialisation
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what are two reasons for deindustrialisation?
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manufacturers move factories abroad where they can produce goods more cheaply
manufacturers close down because they can't compete with the price of goods being produced abroad |
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what happens to employment during deindustrialisation?
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a lot of manual workers lose their jobs
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what happens to the old factory buildings?
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they become derelict
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what area of industry tends to increase during deindustrialisation?
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service industry - e.g. banks and insurance
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what is better about service industries?
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they often pay better than factories do
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because of globalisation, the wealth of poorer countries is increasing. How does this impact on energy use?
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they are buying more things which often need energy e.g. machinery and cars
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how does this impact of the global demand for energy?
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it increases the demand for energy
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what are 2 other reasons for the increase in global energy demand?
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1. technological advances
2. increasing population |
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how are advances in technology increasing the global demand for energy?
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created new devices which run on energy e.g. computers, mobiles, MP3s
as they become more popular, more energy is needed |
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how is increasing population resulting in a greater demand for energy?
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from 2000 to 2050, the population will have gone from about 6 billion to 9 billion it is estimated. More people means more energy is used and needed
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where does most of the energy in the world come from?
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burning fossil fuels
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what are the other sources of energy?
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nuclear power, wood and renewable resources
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because of increasing demand for energy, what is being done?
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there is an increased production of energy
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what three categories the impacts fall under?
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social, environmental and economical
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what are three social impacts of increasing energy production?
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1. more power plants - ugly and people have to move away to make room for them
2. radioactive nuclear waste - death, illness and damage large areas - high risk of leakage 3. create jobs in building, working and maintaining power stations |
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what is one economic impact of increasing energy production?
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countries with lots of energy resources become richer but countries with none/little resources have to buy energy from them
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what are 5 environmental impacts of increasing energy production?
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1. burning fossil fuels produces CO2 - global warming - sea levels rise - severe weather - species struggle to survive
2. acid rain from fumes - kills species 3. deforestation - destroys habitats and less CO2 reduction 4. coal mining - air/water pollution - habitats destroyed - pollution 5. oil transportation - oil spills can kill birds and fish |
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explain why producing energy from renewable resources is sustainable
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it doesn't cause long term damage to the environment and the resource won't run out
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what is a sustainable way of meeting energy demands?
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using renewable energy
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name 4 different types of renewable resources
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wind
biomass solar power hydroelectric |
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what is biomass?
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material that comes from alive or recently alive organisms and is burnt to release energy/turned to biofuel which is burnt to release energy
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how does producing energy from renewable resources contribute to sustainable development?
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it allows people to use more energy to develop the area in a way that won't impact on the future negatively
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what is the Kyoto Protocol?
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it is an international agreement that the majority of the countries in the world have signed which agrees to cut CO2 and other gas emissions by 2012. Each country has an emissions target
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what is the UK's emission target?
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reduce emissions by 12.5% by 2012
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what is the carbon credits trading scheme?
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carbon credits are given when a country come under their emission target or help poorer countries to reach their target. These can be sold to other countries who aren't reaching their target.
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what is the Gothenburg Protocol?
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sets emission targets for US and European countries to cut harmful gas emissions by 2010 to reduce pollution e.g acid rain
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how has globalisation made people more wasteful?
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they have access to more products at lower prices so they can afford to through away more items.
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as globalisation has increased, waste in landfill sites has....
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...increased
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on a local scale, what is one way of reducing the problem of wastefulness?
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recycle waste to make new products
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what is being done to try and encourage people to eat more locally produced food?
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campaigners, TV chefs and food writers are promoting local food
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how does buying locally sourced food help reduce global problems?
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it reduces food miles and helps support local farms and businesses
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how does buying locally sourced food affect people in poorer countries?
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people who export and grow food in poorer countries will loose their jobs
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