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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cultural Diffusion
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The spread of ideas, technologies and customs from one people to another
Ex: The Hellenistic World Greco Roman Times Middle Ages/Byzantine Empire |
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Discipline of Social Sciences
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-archeology
-anthropology -historians |
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Archeology
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the study/analysis of remains left by early people and cultures
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Anthropology
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the study of human and the societies created
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Historian:
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study how people live in the past (use artifacts, written evidence, photos and film)
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Geography
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Study of people, their environment and resources
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5 Themes of Geography
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- location (where on Earth)
- place (physical features) - human environment interaction (people are shaped by and shape the environment) - movement (movement of goods, people and ideas) - religion (world divided by regions based on landforms, politcal/cultural/economic features) |
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Two Eras of Prehistory
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Paleolithic and Newolitic Age
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Paleolithic
"The Old Stone Age" |
- simple tools
- Africa - 10,000 BC - Nomad/hunters and gatherers - spoken language - dependent on their environment |
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Neolithic
"The New Stone Age" "Agricultural Revolution" |
- leanred how to farm
- domesticated animals - increased population - more complex religion - use of luxury items - men were dominant in society |
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8 Features of Civilization
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1. Cities
2. Well Organized Central Government 3. Complex religions 4. Job Specialization 5. Social Classes 6. Art and Architecture 7. Public Works 8. Writing |
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What are the 3 main eras of Ancient Egypt? Describe each
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- The Old Kingdom (Pyramid Age: ruled by pharoahs, power and crop failures cause decline)
- Middle Kingdom (corruption, drainage projects, Nubia under control, trade with others) - The New Kingdom (borders pread to Euphrates River, Hatshepsut) |
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Epic of Gilgamesh
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the long narrative poem; oldest work of literature; describe the adventures of hero Gilgamesh
- mix history, mythology and religion |
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Fertile Crescent
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(Persian Gulf- Med. Sea)
- good farmland -defined by Tigris/ Euphrates River - lacked natural resources - roadblock to travelers/nomad/warriors: cause them to settle |
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Rulers of the Fertile Crescent
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1. Sumerians (conquer in 2300 BC by Sargon)
2. Babylonians (ruled by King Hammarabi/Nebuchadnezzar in 612 BC) 3. Hitties (1400 BC) 4. Assyrians (1100 BC) 5. Persians (539 BC) |
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Sumerians
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- Cuneiform writing
- first wheeled vehicle - large scale agriculture -polytheistic -developed an organized justice system - each city state had own government -advances in science, math and technology * agressive and warlike* |
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Hittes
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-develop iron working (arm more people/less $)
- laws and well organzied society - military fortification - astronomy * polytheistic *influenced by Mesopotamian culture * |
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Assyrians
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- 1st library
-new military tactics (iron, armor, weapons) -efficient central govnt - literature preserved in clay tablets *most warlike *repectful to past cultures |
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Babylonians
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- Hammarabi Code (first set of written laws)
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Persians
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-create system of weights and balance
- barter economy - divided into provinces (each with a satrap and government) - Zoroaster |
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Code of Hammarabi
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-first set of wrtten laws by King Hammarabi (Babylonians)
- first time citizens couldnt pleed ignorance |
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Indian Subcontinent
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- polytheistic
- bordered by Hindu Kush and Himilayan Mtns |
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monsoon
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seasonal wind
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subcontinent
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large land mass that just out of a continent
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Indus River Valley
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- well planned cities
- farming and trade - polytheistic -1750 BC: quality of life decrease/IRV disappear (ecological disaster?) |
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Aryans
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-warlike/destroy IRV
- polytheistic - offer sacrifices - become farmers |
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Vedas
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- remains of Aryan culture (reflection of hymns, prayers and religiou teachings of the Vedic Age)
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Shang Dynasty
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- polythisitic
- form clans (groups of family with common a common mythical ancestor) - Yin and Yang (balance b/w good and evil) - use pictographs and ideographs - oracle bones to consult ancestors - |
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Zhou Dynasty
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- *Mandate of Heaven* (divine right to rule)
- feudal state (local lord own land owing military support) -use of iron - develop farming (population increase) -develop 365 day calender -bronze/silk making -first books |
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Shi Huangdi
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- ruler of the Qin dynasty
- centralized power w/ legalism - weights and balances, coins, uniform writing -harshly punish oppositions *Great Wall* |
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The Great Wall of China
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- largest and most $ achievement
-connected walls to keep up invaders -took much time, labor and lives - mobilize resources - symbol of China |
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Rulers of the Ha Dynasty
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Liu Bang (Gao Zu) and Wudi (The Warrior Emperor)
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Liu Bang
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set to restor legal policies/appoint Confucian scholors to advise
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Wudi
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strengthen government and economy
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Han Dynasty Government
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- improve canal/road
- impose salt and iron monopoly (constant source of income) - Confucian official trained at university in Xian |
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Expansion during the Han Dynasty
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- fight off omadic people beyond Great Wall
- set up outposts in Manchuria, Korea (spread Chinese life) - cement alliances through arranged marriages b/w Chinese women and nomad |
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Silk Road
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- Wudi talks to Xhang Qian (hear of horses/land in C Asia)
- send army to the Takla Makan/Wudi sends silk - silk road was a trade route b/w China and Central Asia (trading grapes, figs, cucumbers, walnuts and SILK) - journey was long and hard |
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Han Society
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- called themselves the Hand (believe in Confucianism)
- bureaucracy through merits - Civil Service Exam (test any man could take to hold government positions -Civil Service System- big impact (train men with a system of values) |
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Han Women
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- couldnt take civili service exam/hold gov positions
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Han Achievement
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- texts on zoology, chemistry, botony
- Measure movement of stars, planets improve calendar, invent timekeeping devices |
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Wang Chong
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stated not to believe in theories unless there is trustworthy/real evidence
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Han Technology
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- most technologically adavnced civilization in the world at that time
- invent durable paper methods - advanced shipbuilding/rudder use - invent bronze, iron stirrups, fishing reels, wheel barrows suspension bridges, and chain pumps |
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Han Art
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- artisans produce jade/irovy carvings
-improved methods with higher standard for silk and bronze making - temples and palaces in cities |
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Han Medicine
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- diagnose diseases
-experiment with herbal remedies - develop anesthetics - use accupuncture (use of needles to relieve pain/treat illnesses) |
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Collapse of the Han Dynasty
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- couldnt control other warlord provinces
- canals/roads began to decay - Buddhism takes root (appeals to all) - AD 220: warlords overthrow empires (China breaks up into many kingdoms) |
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Three Schools of Though in China
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-Confucianism
- Legalism - Daoism |
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Confucianism Founder
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- founded by Confucius (China's most influential philosopher)
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Confucianism (sacred texts)
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- The Analects (collected of Confucius' sayings and teaching put together by his past students)
- showed concern for ensuring social order/good government |
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Confucianism (Government Beliefs)
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- believe people are naturally good
- urge government to take advice of educated men - best ruler: virtuous man who led by example |
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Cofucianism (Teaching Principles)
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- Five Relationships
- stress filial peity |
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Five Relationships of Confucianism
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1. father to son
2. elder brother to younger brother 3. husband to wife 4. ruler to subject 5. friend to friend * achieve harmony* |
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Filial Piety
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-respect for parents (above all duties)
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Confucianism Values
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honesty, hard work, concern for others
* promote harmony * |
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Legalism Founder
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Hanfeizi (Chinese philosopher)
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Legalism Government Ideas
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- only way to achieve order was to pass strict laws with harsh punishments
- reject Confucian government and ruler leading by example - nature of men is evil |
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Legalism Teaching Principles
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- ruler holds absolute power
- most effective way to keep order - emphasis on law - goodness is acquired- greed causes conflict |
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Daoism Founder
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Laozi ("Old Master")
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Daoism Sacred Texts
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- Laozi credited with The Way of Virtue
- experiment with alchemy - noted for inventing gun powder - Daoism evolve into a religion with gods, goddesses and magical practices |
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Daoism Government Beliefs
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- best government was one that governed the least
- reject world of conflict |
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Daoism Teaching Principles
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- known as the Dao (Unknown Way)
- turn away from unnatural ways of - society emphasizing virtue of yielding |
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Buddhism Founder
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Siddhartha Gautama (becomes the Buddha, The Enlightened One after seeking spiritual enlightenment and meditation under a tree for 48 days)
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Buddhism (relationship with God)
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Believe in the Four Noble Truths
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Four Noble Truths
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1. All the world is full or suffering
2. The cause of suffereing is the desire of things that are really illusions 3. The only way to overcome suffering is to overcome desire 4. To overcome desire you must follow the Eightfold path |
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Eightfold Path
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the pathway of living a moral life (path b/w pleasure and self denial)
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Buddhist Goal in Life
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achieve nirvana
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Buddhist Sacred Text
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The Three Baskets of Wisdom (Tripitaka)
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Two Schools of Buddhism
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-Threavada
- Mahayana |
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Threavada Buddhism
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- Buddha's original teaching
- hard spiritual work - only priests can achieve nirvana - popular in Sri Lanka and SE Asia |
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Mahayana Buddhism
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- easiest to follow
- worship the once forbidden Buddha and God - beleive in heaven and an after life - all can achieve nirvana (popular during time of crisis) - spread by missionaries and traders to China |
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Buddhism Vs. The Caste System
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- rejected the caste system
- believed in nirvana for all (regardless of birth) |
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Buddhist Attitude Towards Non Violence
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OPPOSED NON VIOLENCE
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Hinduism Founder
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no specific founder/founding texts
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Hinduism (Relationship With God)
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- believe in Brahman (powerful force that controlled the universe
- believe that Brahman came in 3 forms - gods could take any form |
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Three Main Forms of Brahman
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a. Brahma (the creator)
b. Shiva (the destroyer) c. Vishnu (the preserver) |
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Hindu Beliefs in Kharma and Dharma
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- believe in good kharma and obeying/honoring your dharma
- higher status is next life - refusal to do so resulted in a bad next life |
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Hindu Goal in Life
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- achieve Moksha (union with Brahman)
- hard to achieve - believe through reincarnation that you could work towards achieving Moksha and atman (essential self) |
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What are Hindu Sacred Texts?
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- Vedas and Upanishad
- Hindu duties and ideas spelt out in Bhagarad- Gita (poem) |
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How does Hinduism feel about the caste system?
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- Accept the caste system
- ensured by reincarnation, kharma and dharma |
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Hindu Attitude Towards Non Violence
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practice ahimsa (principle of nonviolence and respected by the Brahmans)
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Similarities B/W Hinduism and Buddhism
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- accept law of ahimsa, kharma and dharma
- believe in the cycle of rebirth - accept Moksha - grew out of Vedic religious traditions |
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Differenced B/W Hinduism and Biddhism
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-Buddhism reject priests formal rituals and the existance of the many Hindu gods
- Buddhist reject caste system |
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Caste System
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- gave a sense of identity
- each class had own certain jobs - ensures social order - adapts to change 1. Brahmans (priests and scholors) 2. Kshtriyas (warriors and Rulers 3. Vaisyas (merchants and traders) 4. Sudras (peasants- bound to the land) 5. Pariahs/Untouchables (had impure jobs, live apart, shadow believed to bring pollutions) |
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Powerful Empires of India
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- Maurya Empire
- Gupta Dynasty |
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Where is the Maurya Empire located
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Deccan Plateau- N India
- Ganges River Valley |
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Maurya Empire:
Founded and First Ruled By |
- Chandragupta Maurya (maintain bureaucracy, appoint Megasthenes describing Pataliuputra (largest and most prosperous city of it's time) )
- ruling was effective and harsh |
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Maurya Empire:
Kindom Taken Over By |
- Asoka (grandson)- horrified by war and converts to Buddhism
- Philosopher King - announce laws on stone pillars, help children by building roads, hospitals, housing - bring peace and prosperity |
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Maurya Empire Achievements
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India becomes world center of trade
(textiles, gems, incense, spice) |
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Maurya Empire Conquered By
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-Alexander the Great (expands borders)
- later conquered by Rome |
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Decan Plateau divides into..
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- several kingdoms (Tamil Kingdoms)
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Gupta Dynasty:
Peace and Prosperity |
- power left in the hands of the villages
- Faxian (Chinese Buddhist Monk) describes Gupta life (wealthy set up hospitals, vegetarians, flourish in trade and farming of wheat, cotton, cloth and pottery) |
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Gupta Dynasty:
Advance in Learning |
- devide Arabic numerals, deciaml systems and teh concept of zero
- doctors pioneer herbal remedies - skilled surgeons (plastic surgery, mending bones, vaccines, ie. small pox) |
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Gupta Dynasty:
Architecture |
- known for temples
- built stupas and walkways for the monks to pray |
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Gupta Dynasty:
Art |
- stupas donned with carvings of Buddha smiling, god, goddesses, animals, etc.
- Temples At Ajanta: known for murals of Gupta Life |
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Gupta Dynasty:
Literature |
- writer collect fable in Sanskirt
- known for Great Gupta poem/playwright by Kalidasa, Shakuntala |
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Indian Village Life
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- heart of life
- farming depends on the weather (monsoons) - each has own council to run affairs |
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Indian Family Life
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- lived in joint family (patriarchal- consult with women and family on decision)
- children work/apprentice - parents arrange marriages based on caste/family interest |
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Indian Women
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-a. had a high staus in Aryan society
b. believed to have shakti (Creative enery- could be destructive) that men lacked c. show devotion to husband d. late Gupta Age- confined to home |
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Judaism
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-monotheistic (belief in one god)
- pray to God to save them from enemies - believe in the one and only God present everywhere - believe in the convenant - follow 10 Commandments |
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2000 BC- Hebrews migrate to...
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-Canaan
-famine after Canaan leads Hebrews to Egypt (enslaved/led to freedom by Moses) |
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Hebrews set up
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Israel
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Israelian Rulers
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David and Soloman
- David: (fought Goliath) unite fuedign Hebrew tribes in one state -Soloman (son) turn Jerusalem into capital, build palaces/temples, increase Israel influence by negotiating in Egypt and Mesopotamia |
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Israel splits into...
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- Israel: North ruled by Assyrians
- Judah: South ruled by Babylonians |
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Covenant
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-Jewish belief of the binding agreement b/w God and Abraham
- Jews consider themselves- the chosen people - Moses carry outs covenant |
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Ten Commandments
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-laws believed to been given to them through Moses from God
- set out religious duties towards God and moral conduct towards other people |
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Sacred Text of Judaism
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-The Torah (set out laws/Jewish teachings)
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Other Laws of Judaism
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- laws on cleanliness, food preparation, criminal justice, protection of women
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Jewish Prophets
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- spiritual leaders; emerge to interpret God's will
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Ethics
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-Jews preach strong role of ethics
- urge personal morality and social justice to protect the poor and the weak (all people are equal before God) |
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Minoan Civilization
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- first civilization of Greece (uneartherd by British archeologist)
- successful with trade - outposts in Aegean world -acquire ideas from Egypt and Mesopotamia making it their own |
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Palace at Knossos
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- kingdom of many art pieces
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Demise of the Minoans
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- civilization vanished
- associated with natural disaster or conquered by the Myceaneans |
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Mycenaean Civilization
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- conquer Greek mainland before Crete
- successful sea traders - lean writing from the Minoans - absorb Egypt and Mesopotamian influences (pass it on to Greeks) - remembered most for role in Trojan War |
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Homer
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blind poet singing songs of epics
-known for The Illiad and The Odyssey - revealed Greek values (honor, courage and eloquence) |
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Greece:
Geographic Impact |
-mountains and valley divide Greeces into small city states
- city states evolve into polis (acropolis) |
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Greece and the Sea
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- Med./Aegean Seas create trading route (olive oil, wine, marble)
cultural exchange (Phoenician alphabet) - rise in population |
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Greek Early Government
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1. Monarchy
2. Aristocracy 3. Oligarchy |
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Monarchy
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a government in which a king or queen exercise central power
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Aristocracy
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rule by a landholding elite (could afford bronze)
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Oligarchy
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a form of government with power in the hands of small, powerful elite usually from the business class
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Spartan Government
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-2 kings, council of elders (advised monarch)
-assembly of 30 Spartan males who help make big decisions |
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Spartan Education
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-Spartan boys trained to be warriors
- Age 7: move to the barracks (harsh training) -Age 20: ca marry but must stay in barracks -Age 30: specialize in training |
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Spartan Role of Women
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-exercise/trained to bear healthy sons
-obey males/husbands - had right to inherit property, run estates while men were at war |
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Spartan Values
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- military/stern discipline
- no outsiders |
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View of Spartans
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- isolated themselves from the rest of Greece
- admired for military tactics (but no one wanted that lifestyle) |
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How Sparta Came To Be
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-Dorians were conquered by Laconia (turned into helots)
- set up brutal system of control |
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Athenian Government
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- grow under wealth and power under aristocracy
- Solon instates a direct democracy -limited rights *gave more say than most* |
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democracy
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government by the people
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Athenian Education
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-boys who afford it, get educated
- study reading, writing, poetry, public speaking military training |
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Role of Women in Athens
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- no share in public life
- "imperfect" - lived in secluded existance (weave, stay and home and raise children) |
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Solon
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Athenian leader who
-outlaw debt slavery -encourage trade - open citizenship offices with more say in assembl-only welathy serve high positions -rise of tyrants |
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Pisistratus
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-give loans to farmers/land back
- new building projects for jobs -poor has voice |
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Cleisthenes
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-set up Council of 500 (evolve into legislature)
- debated laws |
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Greek View of Outsiders
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-barbarians
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Greek Religion
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-polytheistic
-worship many Greek gods -honored with festivals/temples;consult oracles |
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Persian War
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-Greeks (Athenians) VS Persians (King Darius)
-Persia wants to take over Greece -Greece refuses to surrender;attacks -Darius sends fleet to defeat yet were turned back - Darius' son set later for larger fleet but were defeated *Athens becomes most powerful and form Delian League (alliance-empire)* |
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Peloponnesian War
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-Athens VS Sparta
-Form Peloponnesian League (rival) -Sparta invades athens (plague kills everyone, including Pericles) -Athens Stripped of fleet RESULTS: -end of Athenian greatness -economy revive;spirit decline -Sparta declines by Thebes |
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Pericles
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-ruler of Athens during hte golden age
- direct democracy - turns Athens into cultural center of Greece (Aspasia) -rebuild acropolis *during Post Persian War* |
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Socrates
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-critic of the Sophist (who question truth/justice)
-committed to studying deepest beliefs -taught Socratic method -accused of poisoning the city's youth -condemned to death;drank Hemlock (poison) |
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Socratic Method
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patient questioning that helped seek truth and self knowledge
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Plato
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-student of Socrates
- devastated by the death of Socrates (leave Athens for 10 yrs) -set up The Academy (taught/wrote ideas) -emphasize importance of reason -wrote The Republic: state/should regulate citizen life -favored rule by a single, philosophic king (with an elite class to ensure justice and war) -divided society into 3 classes: workers (produce), soldiers (defend), philosophers (rule) - talented women were educated |
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Aristotle
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develop own ideas about government (favored single/virtue leader)
-Set up Lyceum (school-writing, politics, ethics, biology, logic, literature, physics) -believe in a coarse b/w extremes |
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Archimedes
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a skilled Hellenistic scientist who applied principles of physics to make practical inventions
i.e.- lever and pulley |
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Alexander the Great
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- ruler of the Hellenistic Age
- taught by Aristotle - plans to invade Persia - Darius III is weak and Alexander wins first victory -victories continue in Babylon -empire crumbles but spread Greek culture -founded many cities of assimilation -die of sudden fever |
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Greek Art
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Architecture:
-Parthenon -convey sense of balance/harmony -rectangular, columns (dignity/grace) -admired Sculpture: -show rigid/natural poses (gods) Paintings: - on pots/vases;view of everyday life |
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Greek Drama
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-performed in theaters gouged out of hills
-tragedies and comedies |
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Herodotus
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-"father of history"
-stress impt of research |
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Thucydides
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-stress impt of refusing biased in recording the past
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Hellenistic Civilization
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-capital= Alexandria
-blending of Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian cultures |
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Hellenistic Women
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-no longer restricted
- more read/write - become poet/philosopher -work alongside husband |
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Hellenistic School of Thought
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-political turmoil lead to rise in philosophy
-Stoicism:by Zeno urge to avoid desire and to accept what life brings -all people are morally equal -high moral standards |
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Hellenistic Math
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-Pythagoras: create Phythagorean Theorem to find the sides of a right triangle
-Euclid writes The Elements (basis for modern geometry) |
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Hellenistic Medicine
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-Hippocrates: study cause and cure for illnesses
-set ethical standards and oath for doctors (help patients with best ability) |
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Chrisitianity
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-official religions of Rome
- follow Jesus Christ (believed to be the son of God) -first a sect then spreads |
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Jesus Christ
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-son of God
-teachings firmly rooted in Jewish tradition -believe in one God/10 Commandments - preach to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who believed in him -crucified after being seen as a troublemaker |
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Paul
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-once a persecutor of Christians
- devoted life as a missionary -martyr (some who dies for what they believe in) |
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The Early Christian Church
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-organize a formal Church
-led by pope -grows and evolvesinto communities -battle heresies |
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End of Persecution
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-ended by the Edict of Milan (constantine passed)
-Greco Roman Culture is preserved |
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Battle of Tours
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- Frankish warriors led by Charles Martel defeat the Muslims
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Magna Carta
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great charter
- King john affirms a long list of feudal rights -contained 2 basic ideas; assert nobles with certain rights and made clear that the Monarch must obey the law -King also agrees not to raise taxes w/o consulting the Great Council |
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Anti Semitism
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prejudice against Jews
-Christians persecute Jews during the Middle Ages - Esp in Muslim Spain |
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Concordat of Worms
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a treaty that agreed the Church had the sole power to elect and invest in bishops with spiritual authority
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Charlemagne
"Charles the Great" |
-grandson of Charles Martel
-war chief and successful conqueror -revive Latin learning by setting up a palace school in Aachen (capital) run by Alcuin (scholar) -appoint nobles to local regions -work to convert conquered people create Christian United Europe |
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Feudalism
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loosely organized system in which a local lord divides land holdings among lesser lord, in exchange vassals pledge service, loyalty and 40 days of military service)
-lords grant fiefs/estates to vassals |
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Serfs
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peasant bound to the land
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Diocletian
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-end economic decay in Rome (fix prices of goods, ensure steady production y requiring son to take over father's business)
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Constantine
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- encourage toleration of Christians
- build Constantinople (center of power) |
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Fall of Rome:
Military |
-cant stop invasions of Germanics
-lack disciplined army -hire mercenaries (paid foreign soldiers) |
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Fall of Rome:
Political |
-gov is too oppressive/authoritative
- high # of corrupt officials -division of Rome |
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Fall of Rome:
Economic |
-heavier taxes to support army/bureaucracy
-farmers abandon land/sink into poverty -new technology |
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Fall of Rome:
Social |
-decline of virtues
-upper class devote self to luxury -bread and circuses undermine slef reliance on the masses |
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High Middle Ages
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prosperous time of the Middle Ages
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Battle of Tours
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- Frankish warriors led by Charles Martel defeat the Muslims
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Magna Carta
|
great charter
- King john affirms a long list of feudal rights -contained 2 basic ideas; assert nobles with certain rights and made clear that the Monarch must obey the law -King also agrees not to raise taxes w/o consulting the Great Council |
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Anti Semitism
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prejudice against Jews
-Christians persecute Jews during the Middle Ages - Esp in Muslim Spain |
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Concordat of Worms
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a treaty that agreed the Church had the sole power to elect and invest in bishops with spiritual authority
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Charlemagne
"Charles the Great" |
-grandson of Charles Martel
-war chief and successful conqueror -revive Latin learning by setting up a palace school in Aachen (capital) run by Alcuin (scholar) -appoint nobles to local regions -work to convert conquered people create Christian United Europe |
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Feudalism
|
loosely organized system in which a local lord divides land holdings among lesser lord, in exchange vassals pledge service, loyalty and 40 days of military service)
-lords grant fiefs/estates to vassals |
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Serfs
|
peasant bound to the land
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Diocletian
|
-end economic decay in Rome (fix prices of goods, ensure steady production y requiring son to take over father's business)
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Constantine
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- encourage toleration of Christians
- build Constantinople (center of power) |
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Fall of Rome:
Military |
-cant stop invasions of Germanics
-lack disciplined army -hire mercenaries (paid foreign soldiers) |
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Fall of Rome:
Political |
-gov is too oppressive/authoritative
- high # of corrupt officials -division of Rome |
|
|
Fall of Rome:
Economic |
-heavier taxes to support army/bureaucracy
-farmers abandon land/sink into poverty -new technology |
|
|
Fall of Rome:
Social |
-decline of virtues
-upper class devote self to luxury -bread and circuses undermine slef reliance on the masses |
|
|
High Middle Ages
|
prosperous time of the Middle Ages
|
