Global

Front 1

Abbassid Dynasty :

Back 1

(750 - 1258) Ruling family of the Islamic Empire during its golden age. This dynasty is responsible for many achievements

Front 2

Abraham :

Back 2

The first patriarch in the Bible. Abraham was asked by God to sacrifice his son, Isaac, and was rewarded for being prepared to do so. He is considered by Jewish people as the father of the Israelites through his son Isaac, and by Muslims as the father of Arab peoples through his son Ishmael.

Front 3

absolute monarchy :

Back 3

A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch, who has absolute control.

Front 4

acupuncture :

Back 4

Chinese method of treating disorders by inserting needles into the skin. This is to help with the flow of energy that is thought to be blocked.

Front 5

African National Congress :

Back 5

A group formed in protest of the policy of Apartheid in South Africa. It was eventually outlawed due to their violent tactics, and Nelson Mandela, one of its leaders, was imprisoned for over thirty years.

Front 6

African Trading Kingdoms :

Back 6

Three African kingdoms, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai that were important in the trans-Sahara trade of gold form the west coast of Africa to North Africa and the Middle East. Their trade provided enough wealth to create the conditions necessary for cultural and intellectual achievement.

Front 7

Afrikaners :

Back 7

Dutch descended colonist living in South Africa. Also called Boers.

Front 8

Age of Exploration :

Back 8

Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.

Front 9

Age of Reason :

Back 9

Term given to describe the Enlightenment.

Front 10

Age of Transition :

Back 10

Term given to describe the Renaissance.

Front 11

Agrarian Revolution :

Back 11

A change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution.

Front 12

agriculture :

Back 12

The cultivating of land, producing of crops, and raising of livestock for human consumption.

Front 13

Ahimsa :

Back 13

In Hinduism, it is the principal of non violence against all living things.

Front 14

Akbar the Great :

Back 14

(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion.

Front 15

Alexander the Great :

Back 15

(356 BCE-323 BCE) He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences.

Front 16

Abbassid Dynasty :

Back 16

(750 - 1258) Ruling family of the Islamic Empire during its golden age. This dynasty is responsible for many achievements

Front 17

Abraham :

Back 17

The first patriarch in the Bible. Abraham was asked by God to sacrifice his son, Isaac, and was rewarded for being prepared to do so. He is considered by Jewish people as the father of the Israelites through his son Isaac, and by Muslims as the father of Arab peoples through his son Ishmael.

Front 18

absolute monarchy :

Back 18

A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch, who has absolute control.

Front 19

acupuncture :

Back 19

Chinese method of treating disorders by inserting needles into the skin. This is to help with the flow of energy that is thought to be blocked.

Front 20

African National Congress :

Back 20

A group formed in protest of the policy of Apartheid in South Africa. It was eventually outlawed due to their violent tactics, and Nelson Mandela, one of its leaders, was imprisoned for over thirty years.

Front 21

African Trading Kingdoms :

Back 21

Three African kingdoms, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai that were important in the trans-Sahara trade of gold form the west coast of Africa to North Africa and the Middle East. Their trade provided enough wealth to create the conditions necessary for cultural and intellectual achievement.

Front 22

Afrikaners :

Back 22

Dutch descended colonist living in South Africa. Also called Boers.

Front 23

Age of Exploration :

Back 23

Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.

Front 24

Age of Reason :

Back 24

Term given to describe the Enlightenment.

Front 25

Age of Transition :

Back 25

Term given to describe the Renaissance.

Front 26

Agrarian Revolution :

Back 26

A change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution.

Front 27

agriculture :

Back 27

The cultivating of land, producing of crops, and raising of livestock for human consumption.

Front 28

Ahimsa :

Back 28

In Hinduism, it is the principal of non violence against all living things.

Front 29

Akbar the Great :

Back 29

(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion.

Front 30

Alexander the Great :

Back 30

(356 BCE-323 BCE) He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences.

Front 31

Allied Powers :

Back 31

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

Front 32

American Revolution :

Back 32

Political revolution in the British North American Colonies starting in 1776 that removed the colonies from Great Britain’s control, and established an independent nation know as the United States of America.

Front 33

Amritsar Massacre :

Back 33

April 3rd of 1919. British soldiers killed close to 400 unarmed Indian men, women, and children, and wounded 1,100 more. People had gathered in the center of town to protest British occupation of their country, and to demand equality. This was a turning point in British domination of India. Independence movements became very popular and eventually forced India's independence.

Front 34

Analects, The :

Back 34

Analects, The : Collection of moral and social teachings of Confucius, including the concept of the Five Relationships.

Front 35

ancestor worship :

Back 35

Worship given to deceased relatives who are believed to be closer to the Gods, and therefore able to grant favors.

Front 36

Animism :

Back 36

The oldest known type of belief system in the world. It is still practiced in a variety of forms in many traditional societies. Animists practice nature worship. They believe that everything in the universe has a spirit. This is exemplified by the practices of the Plains Indians in North America who would praise the spirit of the buffalo that they killed for giving its life to them so that they might survive. Animists also believed that ancestors watch over the living from the spirit world. This belief resulted in ancestor worship as a means of communicating with and showing respect to ancestors.

Front 37

anti-Semitism :

Back 37

The hatred of people of Jewish descent.

Front 38

apartheid :

Back 38

A political policy in South Africa where black South Africans could only live in certain areas, were required to use separate trains, beaches, restaurants, and schools, and could not enter into an interracial marriage.

Front 39

appeasement :

Back 39

The policy of pacifying an aggressive nation in the hopes of avoiding further conflict.

Front 40

aqueducts :

Back 40

Above ground structures used to carry water long distances. Built by the ancient Romans.

Front 41

Archimedes :

Back 41

(287-212 BCE) Greek mathematician and inventor. He wrote works on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic, and mechanics. He is best known for the lever and pulley.

Front 42

Aristarchus :

Back 42

(310?-250? BCE) Greek scientist who first stated that the Earth revolved around the Sun, and rotated on its axis.

Front 43

Aryans :

Back 43

Nomadic warriors from Central Asia who migrated into India around 1500 BCE. They are responsible for many aspects of current Indian culture including their language, sacred texts called the Vedas, and a system of government that later evolved into the caste system.

Front 44

Asoka :

Back 44

King of the Maurya dynasty. He ruled nearly the entire subcontinent of India. He also was instrumental in the spread of Buddhism after his conversion.

Front 45

Association of Southeast Asian Nations :

Back 45

Multinational organization that cooperates economically by lowering trade barriers, such as, tariffs, to encourage commerce between member nations.

Front 46

Atman

Back 46

In Hinduism, the human soul.

Front 47

Augustus :

Back 47

(63 BCE – 14 CE) First emperor of Rome (27 BCE – 14 CE) He restored order and prosperity to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil. Grandnephew to Julius Caesar.

Front 48

Austro-Hungarian Empire :

Back 48

Also known as Austria-Hungary, or the Hapsburg Empire, as it was ruled by the Habsburg monarchy from 1867 to 1918. Austria-Hungary extended over most of central Europe. It was composed the modern day countries of Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, as well as parts of present-day Poland, Romania, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Front 49

Axis Powers :

Back 49

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Front 50

Aztecs :

Back 50

A Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico who created a strong empire that flourished between the 14th and 15th century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire.

Front 51

balance of power :

Back 51

A political policy in which countries attempt to preserve peace by keeping an equal military and economic status.

Front 52

Balfour Declaration :

Back 52

A promise made by British Prime Minister Balfour to create a homeland for the Jewish people

Front 53

Baron de Montesquieu :

Back 53

(1689-1755) Enlightenment thinker from France who wrote a book called, The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. In his book, Montesquieu describes what he considers to be the best government. He states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Montesquieu explained that under this system each branch would Check and Balance the others, which would help protect the people's liberty.

Front 54

barter :

Back 54

The exchange of goods or services for other goods or services.

Front 55

Batista, Fulgencio :

Back 55

(1901-1973) Cuban president from 1940 to 1944 and 1952 to 1959. He was responsible for some reforms in the country before leaving office for the first time. Later, he overthrew the legitimate government and ruled as a dictator until he was forced from office by Fidel Castro.

Front 56

Battle of Britain :

Back 56

The massive air war against Great Britain by the Nazi war machine in Germany. Nearly nightly bombings occurred between summer of 1940 and summer of 1941 before German withdrew. Great Britain fought alone during this year and never gave up.

Front 57

Bay of Pigs :

Back 57

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Front 58

Berlin Airlift :

Back 58

A re-supply operation to the city of Berlin that lasted 11 months during 1948-49 when the Soviet Union attempted to close off the city.

Front 59

Berlin Conference :

Back 59

(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.

Front 60

Berlin Wall :

Back 60

A wall built in 1961 dividing Soviet controlled East Berlin from the democratic West Berlin. It was destroyed when communism ended in 1990.

Front 61

Atman

Back 61

In Hinduism, the human soul.

Front 62

Augustus :

Back 62

(63 BCE – 14 CE) First emperor of Rome (27 BCE – 14 CE) He restored order and prosperity to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil. Grandnephew to Julius Caesar.

Front 63

Austro-Hungarian Empire :

Back 63

Also known as Austria-Hungary, or the Hapsburg Empire, as it was ruled by the Habsburg monarchy from 1867 to 1918. Austria-Hungary extended over most of central Europe. It was composed the modern day countries of Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, as well as parts of present-day Poland, Romania, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Front 64

Axis Powers :

Back 64

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Front 65

Aztecs :

Back 65

A Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico who created a strong empire that flourished between the 14th and 15th century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire.

Front 66

balance of power :

Back 66

A political policy in which countries attempt to preserve peace by keeping an equal military and economic status.

Front 67

Balfour Declaration :

Back 67

A promise made by British Prime Minister Balfour to create a homeland for the Jewish people

Front 68

Baron de Montesquieu :

Back 68

(1689-1755) Enlightenment thinker from France who wrote a book called, The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. In his book, Montesquieu describes what he considers to be the best government. He states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Montesquieu explained that under this system each branch would Check and Balance the others, which would help protect the people's liberty.

Front 69

barter :

Back 69

The exchange of goods or services for other goods or services.

Front 70

Batista, Fulgencio :

Back 70

(1901-1973) Cuban president from 1940 to 1944 and 1952 to 1959. He was responsible for some reforms in the country before leaving office for the first time. Later, he overthrew the legitimate government and ruled as a dictator until he was forced from office by Fidel Castro.

Front 71

Battle of Britain :

Back 71

The massive air war against Great Britain by the Nazi war machine in Germany. Nearly nightly bombings occurred between summer of 1940 and summer of 1941 before German withdrew. Great Britain fought alone during this year and never gave up.

Front 72

Bay of Pigs :

Back 72

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Front 73

Berlin Airlift :

Back 73

A re-supply operation to the city of Berlin that lasted 11 months during 1948-49 when the Soviet Union attempted to close off the city.

Front 74

Berlin Conference :

Back 74

(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.

Front 75

Berlin Wall :

Back 75

A wall built in 1961 dividing Soviet controlled East Berlin from the democratic West Berlin. It was destroyed when communism ended in 1990.

Front 76

Bhagavad Gita :

Back 76

A Hindu holy book where the god Krishna teaches the importance of selflessness, performing religious duties, and of devotion to God

Front 77

bill of exchange :

Back 77

A document purchased from a bank that allowed a person to travel without having to carry large amounts of money. Worked like a modern check.

Front 78

Black Hand :

Back 78

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Front 79

blitzkrieg :

Back 79

German word meaning lightning war. It was a German army tactic during World War II which called for quick moving, hard hitting drives into enemy territory.

Front 80

Boer War :

Back 80

(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.

Front 81

Boers :

Back 81

Dutch descended colonist living in South Africa. Also called Afrikaners.

Front 82

Bolívar, Simón :

Back 82

(1783-1830) Latin American revolutionary responsible for the ousting of Spain from much of South America during the 19th century. He is considered to be the most important figure in the fight for Latin American independence.

Front 83

Bolshevik :

Back 83

Early name of communists during the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Front 84

Bonaparte, Napoleon :

Back 84

(1769-1821) Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe. He was defeated at Waterloo, and died several years later on the island of Saint Helena.

Front 85

bourgeoisie :

Back 85

Term given to the middle class people in society.

Front 86

Boxer Rebellion :

Back 86

(1900) A rebellion by the people of China to end foreign domination.

Front 87

Brahma :

Back 87

Hindu god called the Creator. Brahma is the first member of the triad that includes Vishnu the Preserver and Shiva the Destroyer.

Front 88

Brahman :

Back 88

In Hinduism, Brahman is the name given to the oneness of the universe.

Front 89

Brezhnev, Leonid :

Back 89

(1906-1982) Leader of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982. During his control of the Soviet Union, relations with the West, as well as the Soviet economy, experienced a long period of stagnation.

Front 90

British East India Company :

Back 90

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Front 91

bubonic plague :

Back 91

An infectious disease transmitted by fleas. It is characterized by fever, chills, and the formation of swellings. Also known as the Black Plague or Black Death.

Front 92

Buddhism :

Back 92

developed in India, and is based on many of the core concepts of Hinduism.. Buddhists believe in an endless cycle of reincarnation, or samsara, which is similar to beliefs of Hinduism. However, Buddhists do not believe that deities are responsible for the phenomenon. In addition, the Caste System is rejected by Buddhists who believe instead that one is reincarnated until they can achieve nirvana, best described as spiritual enlightenment.

Front 93

bureaucracy :

Back 93

The administration portion of the government

Front 94

Bushido :

Back 94

Code of conduct for Samurai and nobles during Japanese feudalism.

Front 95

Byzantine Empire :

Back 95

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

Front 96

Cabinet System :

Back 96

Collection of people who run various departments in government. Usually report to the chief executive, such as the prime Minister, or the President.

Front 97

Caesar, Julius :

Back 97

(100-44 BCE), Roman general and statesman. He is responsible for setting up the imperial system in Rome which placed his grandnephew, Augustus, on the throne.

Front 98

Calvin, John :

Back 98

(1509-1564) Theologian and church reformer who developed a form of Protestantism during the Reformation. His church is known for the idea of predestination, which states certain people are predestined for heaven.

Front 99

capitalism :

Back 99

An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Also promotes a free market regulated by supply and demand.

Front 100

Cardinal Richelieu :

Back 100

(1585-1642) French Cardinal and politician responsible for instituting absolutist practices in France.

Front 101

Cash Crop Economy :

Back 101

An economic system based on the exportation of certain crops such as sugar, cotton, and coffee.

Front 102

Caste System :

Back 102

A rigid social class system in Hinduism.

Front 103

Castro, Fidel :

Back 103

(1926?- ) Leader of the Cuban Revolution and communist dictator of Cuba. He is responsible for making Cuba a socialist country which has often been at odds with the United States. Notably, the bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Front 104

Catherine the Great :

Back 104

An enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port.

Front 105

Cavour, Camillo :

Back 105

(1810-61) Prime Minister of Sardinia, a large Italian State. He formed alliances with other foreign powers to help end Austria's and Spain's control. Instrumental in the unification of Italy.

Front 106

censorship :

Back 106

The suppression information considered offensive or a threat to security

Front 107

centralized government :

Back 107

A government which controls all aspects of society from a central location or through a central system.

Front 108

Chamberlain, Neville :

Back 108

(1869-1940) Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1937 to 1940. He is responsible for the policy of appeasement with Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany

Front 109

check and balance :

Back 109

A system in government described by Baron de Montesquieu where legislative, judicial, and executive power is shared among the different branches to provide protection against abuses of power.

Front 110

Chinese Communist Revolution :

Back 110

A political revolution in China led by Mao Zedong. After several years of fighting the Kuomintang, the communists won control of the country in 1949.

Front 111

Chivalry :

Back 111

Code of conduct for knight and nobles during European feudalism.

Front 112

Christ, Jesus :

Back 112

(8-4 BCE- 29? CE) Founder of Christianity. Considered by Christians to be the son of God and the Messiah. He is the central figure in the Christian Religion.

Front 113

Christianity :

Back 113

Currently the most popular religion in the world based on the number of worshippers found throughout the world. While this monotheistic religion developed from Judaism, there are several key differences in its teachings. It was founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century CE. The holy book is called the Holy Bible.

Front 114

Churchill, Sir Winston :

Back 114

(1874-1965) British politician and Prime Minster of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945, and 1951 to 1955. He is regarded as the finest British leader of the 20th century and was instrumental in leading Britain to victory during World War II.

Front 115

civil disobedience :

Back 115

The purposeful breaking of laws to protest actions by the government

Front 116

civilization :

Back 116

A society that has a high level of culture and social organization including organized government, job specialization, and a organized belief system.

Front 117

Clemenceau, Georges :

Back 117

(1841-1929) French Premier during World War I. He was one of the formulators of the Treaty of Versailles

Front 118

Cold War :

Back 118

Non shooting conflict between the Soviet Union and their allies and the United States and their allies. Numerous secondary conflicts arise due to the Cold War.

Front 119

collective farm :

Back 119

A government owned farms where peasants work on a quota system

Front 120

colonialism :

Back 120

The policy of maintaining colonies as a source of raw materials and new markets. Practiced during old and new imperialism.

Front 121

colonization :

Back 121

A group of people moving from their homeland to a new area in large numbers.

Front 122

Columbian Exchange :

Back 122

The exchange of goods and other things, such as disease from the Old World (Europe) to the new World (North and South America) and back

Front 123

Columbus, Christopher :

Back 123

(1451-1506) Italian explorer working for Spain who, in 1492, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the Americas for Spain.

Front 124

Command Economy :

Back 124

An economic system controlled by strong, centralized government, which usually focuses on industrial goods. With little attention paid to agriculture and consumer goods.

Front 125

Commercial Revolution :

Back 125

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.

Front 126

Commonwealth of Independent States :

Back 126

Nation created after the breakup of the Soviet Union. It includes Russia and several smaller former Soviet republics.

Front 127

communism :

Back 127

A system of government in which a single, totalitarian, party holds power. It is characterized by state control of the economy, and restriction on personal freedoms. It was first proposed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto

Front 128

Communist Revolution :

Back 128

A political revolution in Russia beginning in 1917. The Bolsheviks, now known as Communists, overthrew Czar Nicholas II and created a socialist government based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Also know as the Bolshevik Revolution.

Front 129

Confucianism :

Back 129

Confucius lived in China during the Chou Dynasty, when there was mass disorder and confusion and degrading moral standards. Confucius was appalled by what appeared to be the fracturing of Chinese society. He believed that the only cure was to stress a sense of social order and mutual respect, a philosophy that later became known as Confucianism. Confucianism teaches that there is a natural social order to society which can best be explained through the Five Relationships.

Front 130

Confucius :

Back 130

(551-479 BCE?) Chinese philosopher and writer of The Analects, a collection of moral and social teachings, including the concept of the Five Relationships. Also known as Kong Fu Zi.

Front 131

Congress of Vienna :

Back 131

Meeting of European political leaders to reestablish former territorial borders after the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the fall of Napoleon. The Congress was held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815, and was dominated by Prince Metternich of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Front 132

Constantine :

Back 132

(274 CE – 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Front 133

constitutional monarchy :

Back 133

A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch who has limited power due to a constitution

Front 134

containment :

Back 134

A cold war policy that called for containing communism to areas already under its influence. This policy was proposed by U.S. President Harry Truman.

Front 135

Copernicus, Nicolaus :

Back 135

(1473-1543) Polish astronomer who wrote On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. Theorized that the Earth orbited the Sun (heliocentric system) and laid the foundations of modern astronomy.

Front 136

Cortez, Hernan :

Back 136

(1485-1547) Spanish conquistador who was responsible for the conquest of the Aztec Empire and the claiming of much of Central America for the Spanish.

Front 137

Counter-Reformation :

Back 137

The movement initiated by the Catholic Church to contain the Protestant Reformation and, if possible, end it.

Front 138

coup d etat :

Back 138

The acting of overthrowing a government in favor of another, usually through violent means.

Front 139

Creoles :

Back 139

In colonial Latin America, American born Spanish gentry, They owned most of the land but were treated like second class citizens, and were denied political rights.

Front 140

Cromwell, Oliver :

Back 140

(1599-1658) Leader of the English Revolution that deposed the Stuart monarchs in favor of a short lived Republic. Cromwell acted as Lord Protector until the restoration of the Monarchy in 1660.

Front 141

Crusades :

Back 141

European Christian military expeditions made between the 11th and 13th centuries to retake the Middle Eastern Holy Lands occupied by the Muslims.

Front 142

Cuban Missile Crisis :

Back 142

(1961) Crises that developed as a result of Cuban dictator Fidel Castro’s decision to allow the Soviet Union to base nuclear missiles in Cuba. Upon discovery, the United States confronted the Soviet Union and demanded the missiles be removed. For nearly two weeks, nuclear war was imminent. Fortunately, diplomacy succeeded and crisis was averted.

Front 143

Cuban Revolution :

Back 143

(1958) A political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator.

Front 144

Cultural Revolution :

Back 144

(1966-1976) Political policy in started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China. The Cultural Revolution resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailings, and the deaths of thousands.

Front 145

Czar Nicholas II :

Back 145

(1868-1918) Czar of Russia (1894-1917). He was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later, he and his family were killed by the revolution’s leadership.

Front 146

Da Gama, Vasco :

Back 146

(1469?-1524) Portuguese explorer who, in 1498, established an all water route to India

Front 147

Da Vinci, Leonardo :

Back 147

(1452-1519) An Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, and inventor. Famous works include paintings Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Also left a variety of sketches showing flying machines and underwater boats centuries before the invention of planes and submarines.

Front 148

de Santa Anna, Antonio López :

Back 148

(1794-1876) Mexican general and dictator who controlled Mexico for more than 25 years. Lost war against the United States which cost Mexico present day California, Nevada, and New Mexico

Front 149

Declaration of the Rights of Man :

Back 149

Revolutionary document of the French Revolution. Written in 1789, it spelled out certain rights believed to be universal to all mankind. Patterned on the American Declaration of Independence.

Front 150

deforestation :

Back 150

The widespread destruction of the world's forests. One of the largest areas of destruction are the tropical rainforests. These forest are cut down for the hardwood lumber, to clear space for farming, for building settlements, and for grazing animals. land bridge

Front 151

democracy :

Back 151

A system of government in which the citizens hold the legislative, judicial, and executive power, based on majority rule.

Front 152

Descartes, Rene :

Back 152

(1596-1650) French intellectual who challenged traditional ideas. He said that human reason was capable of discovering and explaining the laws of nature and man. The idea of human reason being superior to tradition led to the beginning of the Enlightenment, a time of political awakening that became revolution.

Front 153

dictatorship :

Back 153

A system of government in which a country is ruled by a single person with absolute power.

Front 154

Diocletian :

Back 154

(245-313) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire.

Front 155

dynastic cycle :

Back 155

In China, a dynasty would remain in power only as long as it was providing good government. When a dynasty went into decline, and began to abuse its power, it was said to lose the Mandate of Heaven, or the favor of the gods. A strong leader would usually emerge to claim the Mandate, and establish a new dynasty. The dynastic cycle would then begin again.

Front 156

economic rights :

Back 156

Rights such as owning property, or the choice to be employed.

Front 157

Eightfold Path :

Back 157

Code of behavior for followers of Buddhism.

Front 158

Elizabeth I :

Back 158

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

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empire :

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1. A collection of nations or peoples ruled by a single authority, usually a monarch, but can be other systems of government as well. 2. A very large and powerful industrial organization

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Enclosure Movement :

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During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes.

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encomienda system :

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A system of production in Spain’s New World possessions which granted permission to conquistadors to enslave as many people needed to work a plantation.

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English Bill of Rights :

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(1689) A Bill of Rights written after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 which placed William and Mary on the throne of England. The bill created a limited monarchy and established Parliament as the ruling body of the nation.

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enlightened despots :

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A monarch who retains absolute control of their country while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas.

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Enlightenment :

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A movement in the 18th century that stressed the importance of reason and science in philosophy and the study of human society. Occurred in Western Europe.

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Estates :

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Class system in France before the French Revolution. There were three Estates, First Estate was Clergy, Second was Nobility, and Third was peasants, merchants, and townspeople.

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Estates General :

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The legislative body of France. Composed of representatives from the three estates which are Clergy in the First Estate, Nobles in the Second Estate, and peasants in the Third Estate. Each Estate is entitled to one vote on legislative matters. The Estates General was never as strong as the British Parliament of the American Congress.

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fascism :

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A system of government that promotes extreme nationalism, repression, anticommunism, and is ruled by a dictator.

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Ferdinand and Isabella :

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During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

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Ferdinand, Franz :

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(1863-1914) Archduke of Austria, nephew to the Emperor. He was assainated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, Bosnia in 1914. This resulted in the start of World War I.

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Feudalism :

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A social, political, and economic system that dominated all aspects of medieval European life.

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Five Relationships :

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Confucian philosophy about social order where everyone has a place and respect is paid to elders, parents, and the government. The relationships are, ruler to ruled, father to son, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife, friend to friend.

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Five Year Plans :

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Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after World War II. Included massive industrialization and farm collectivization, where peasants lived collectively on government owned farms, often resulted in widespread famine as many peasants resisted this policy.

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foreign policy :

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A nation’s actions regarding how they treat other nations.

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Frederick the Great :

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(1712-1786), King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia by gaining land from Austria when Maria Theresa became Empress.

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French Revolution :

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Political revolution in France starting in 1789 that brought about many changes in France. The revolution ultimately ended with a dictatorship under Napoleon Bonaparte before his defeat by the combined powers of Europe.

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Galilei, Galileo :

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(1564-1642) Italian astronomer. One of the founders of Europe's scientific revolution, one of his main contributions is the application of the telescope to astronomy. He was able to prove Copernicus’ heliocentric model correct.

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Gandhi, Mohandas :

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(1869-1948) Nationalist leader in India, who called for a non violent revolution to gain his country’s freedom from the British Empire.

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Gautama, Siddhartha :

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(563?-483?BCE), Indian philosopher and the founder of Buddhism. Siddhartha was born into the Brahmin caste, and by all account led a luxurious lifestyle. However, he was troubled by the human misery that he saw around him everyday. Upon reflection, he deduced that desire was the root caused of all suffering. Also known as the Buddha.

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Genghis Khan :

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(1167?-1227) One of the Mongol’s greatest leaders and founder of the Mongol Empire

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genocide :

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The killing of all the people from a ethnic group, religious group, or people from a specific nation.

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Ghana :

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One of the west African Trading Kingdoms. They were rich in gold and established a vast trading network across the Sahara desert.

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Glasnost :

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A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

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Glorious Revolution :

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Political revolution in Great Britain in 1688 that put William and Mary on the throne, while limiting the power of the monarchy and making Parliament supreme. This event marks the beginning of a constitutional monarchy in England.

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Gorbachev, Mikhail :

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(1931- ), leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His policies of Perestroika and Glasnost, which aimed at revitalizing the Soviet Union contributed to the downfall of communism.

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Great Depression :

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(1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world’s economy due to the United State’s stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. Many people were reduced to homelessness, and had to rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat. World trade also declined as many countries imposed protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their economies.

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Great Leap Forward :

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The economic program designed to increase farm and industrial output though the creation of communes. Communes are similar to Soviet collectives in that groups of people live and work together on government owned farms and in government owned industry.

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Great Purge :

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The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union.

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Green Revolution :

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Throughout the 20th century, scientists worked on improving agriculture, especially in areas with high populations. Some of the technologies developed included better irrigation systems so farmers could get water to their crops. New machinery was built to handle larger production and to take the burden of agriculture work off of humans. New chemical fertilizers and pesticides were created to increase food production, and new varieties of grains and livestock were developed also for greater production. The Green Revolution has had only limited success. The high costs associated with many of these new technologies have kept the small farmer from taking advantage of them.

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Gupta Dynasty :

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(320-550 C.E.)Ruling family in India during its golden age. Responsible for many achievements.

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Hammurabis Code :

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Oldest written system of laws. They were created by King Hammurabi of Babylonia in th mid 18th century BCE and placed on stones tablets for all to see.

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Hellenistic :

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Time period from the late 4th century BCE to the 1st century CE that was characterized by Greek achievement and a blending of Persian, Egyptian, Greek, and Indian cultures due to the empire of Alexander the Great.

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Henry VIII :

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(1491-1547) King of England who transformed his country into a Protestant nation during the Reformation.

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Hinduism :

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A polytheistic religion that was formed from a variety of different religious practices. In Hinduism, salvation is achieved through a spiritual oneness of the soul, atman, with the ultimate reality of the universe, Brahma. To achieve this goal, the soul must obtain moksha, or liberation from the samsara, the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. As a result of these basic teachings, Hindus believe in reincarnation, which is influenced by karma (material actions resulting from the consequences of previous actions), and dharma (fulfilling one's duty in life). Because all forms of animal life possess souls, Hindus believe in ahimsa, or that all life is sacred. and should not be harmed. In fact, one animal which Hindus consider to be extremely sacred is the cow. The peaceful and contented existence of cows is considered virtuous by Hindus and would represent a rewarding reincarnation for a soul. For this reason, most Hindus are vegetarians so that they do not harm other living beings. The belief in reincarnation, karma, and dharma also provides the religious justification for the existence of the rigid social structure known as the Caste System.

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Hiroshima :

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Japanese city devastated during World War II when the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Aug 6th, 1945.

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Hitler, Adolf :

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(1889-1945) Austrian-born leader of Germany. He co-founded the Nazi Party in Germany, and gained control of the country as chancellor in 1933. Hitler started World War II with the invasion of Poland. He was responsible for the Holocaust

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Holocaust :

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The attempted genocide of European Jews, Gypsies, mentally retarded, homosexuals, and others by Nazi Germany during the Second World War.

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human rights :

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The rights that are considered by most societies to belong automatically to all people, including the rights to justice, freedom, and equality.

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humanism :

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A philosophical movement during the Renaissance that stressed life on Earth, and the quality of being human. Rejected living only for the afterlife of Christianity.

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Hussein, Saddam :

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(1937- ) President of Iraq since 1979. He has led his control into two devastating wars, one against Iran in 1980 to 1988, and the Persian Gulf War in 1990 – 1991 which started as a result of his invading Kuwait.

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ideology :

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An organized system of beliefs, values, and ideas. They form the basis of a political, social, and economic philosophy.

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Imperialism :

Back 201

The complete control of a weaker nation’s social, economic, and political life by a stronger nation.

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Inca :

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A Mesoamerican civilization of South America, centered in Peru. The Inca ruled a large empire and had many cultural and scientific achievements including an elaborate road system, architecture, and terrace farming. The arrival of the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire in the 15th century.

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Indian National Congress :

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Nationalistic organization in India with the purpose of ending British control. Prominent members include Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.

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Industrial Revolution :

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In the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan, and the United States.

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Iron Curtain :

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A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union’s policy of isolation during the Cold War. The Iron Curtain isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world. Its most poignant symbol was the Berlin Wall.

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Jiang Jieshi :

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(1887-1975) Leader of the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party in China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist, and to resist the Japanese during World War II. He lost control of China in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government. Also known as Chang Kai Shek.

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joint stock company :

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A company that sells shares to investors who share in the profits and losses.

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Judaism :

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is the oldest known monotheistic religion still practiced in the world today. Its fundamental teachings have been influential and are the basis for more recently developed religions such as Christianity and Islam. Judaism teaches that there is one God who is the creator of all things. after the Hebrew exodus from Egypt, many Hebrews began to lose their faith in God. During this time, Moses went atop Mount Sinai and returned with two stone tablets containing laws that all Hebrews needed to follow. These laws, recorded in the Exodus 20:3-17, became known as the Ten Commandments.

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karma :

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Actions in this life resulting from the consequences of a previous life’s actions. Associated with Hinduism and Buddhism.

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Kellogg-Briand Pact :

Back 210

A treaty signed in 1928 renouncing war as a means of solving international disputes.

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Khrushchev, Nikita :

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(1894-1971) Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964. Khrushchev was critical of Stalin’s policies and attempted to reverse some of them. He is responsible for placing nuclear missiles in Cuba which resulted in the Cuban Missile Crisis.

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Korean War :

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A war between North Korean, which was supported by both the Soviet Union and communist China, and South Korea, which was supported by the United States and the United Nations. The war occurred between 1950 and 1953 and ended in an armistice and original borders.

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Kristallnacht :

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On November 9th, 1938, Nazis in German looted, and burned Jewish stores and Synagogues, often beating Jews in the street. Over 90 Jews were killed during Kristallnacht. Also called Night of Broken Glass.

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Kuomintang :

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Nationalist Party in China led by Jiang Jieshi, which began a war against the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. Both fought for control of China, with Mao and the Communists ultimately winning in 1949.

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Laissez-Faire Economics :

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This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic system dominated most of the Industrial Revolution.

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Latin American Revolutions :

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Political revolutions in various Latin American countries beginning in the late 18th century. These revolutions were aimed at overthrowing the European powers that controlled these nations. Many were successful, but few achieved the success of the American Revolution.

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Laws of the Twelve Tables :

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A system of laws. Some of the features of this system include, men being equal under the law, having the right to face their accusers, and being considered innocent until proven guilty.

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League of Nations :

Back 218

A multinational peace keeping organization which began as an idea of United States President Woodrow Wilson following the first World War. The Treaty of Versailles created a League with over 40 different countries joining. The United States was not one of them. The League of Nations was to be an international body that would settle future problems through negotiations instead of warfare. The member nations were to work cooperatively through economic and military means to enforce its decisions. However, since the United States did not join, the League never achieved its intentions. While the League did attempt to halt the aggressiveness of Hitler's Germany, their inherent weakness prevented them from stopping World War II.

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Lenin, Vladimir :

Back 219

(1870-1924) Russian revolutionary leader and political theorist. He was the first leader of the new communist government of Soviet Russia. Later, he was also the first leader of the Soviet Union, which was composed of most of the republics of the former Russian Empire.

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Locke, John :

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(1632-1704) English philosopher and political theorist. He wrote Two Treaties on Government which explained that all men have Natural Rights, which are Life, Liberty, and Property, and that the purpose of government was to protect these rights.

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Long March :

Back 221

March the Mao Zedong and his Communist Party underwent to avoid being captured and killed by China’s Nationalist Party.

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Machiavelli, Niccolo :

Back 222

(1469-1527) Italian historian, statesman, and political philosopher of the Renaissance. His greatest work is The Prince, a book of political advice to rulers in which he describes the methods that a prince should use to acquire and maintain political power. This book was used to defend policies of despotism and tyranny. Machiavelli wrote that a ruler should take any action to remain in power, or that “the ends justifies the means.”

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Magna Carta :

Back 223

A document granting rights to both the Church in England and the Nobility signed by King John in 1215. This is considered to be the beginnings of British democracy.

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Mali :

Back 224

One of the west African Trading Kingdoms. They were rich in gold and established a vast trading network across the Sahara desert. Greatest ruler was Mansa Musa, who converted to Islam and made a famous pilgrimage.

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manorialism :

Back 225

Economic portion of feudalism where all aspects of life were centered on the lord’s manor including peasant villages, a church, farm land, a mill, and the lord's castle or manor house.

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Mansa Musa :

Back 226

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

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Mao Zedong :

Back 227

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People’s Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

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Meiji :

Back 228

(1852-1912) Emperor of Japan from 1867 to 1912. He was responsible for the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the rapid modernization and industrialization of Japan.

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market economy :

Back 229

An economy based on free trade and supply and demand

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Marshall Plan :

Back 230

Economic aid from the United States used to rebuild Europe after World War II. Named after United States Secretary of State George Marshall.

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Marx, Karl :

Back 231

(1818-1883), German political philosopher and writer. Coauthor with Friedrich Engels of The Communist Manifesto which described the new philosophy of scientific socialism, which is the basis for modern communism.

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Meiji Restoration :

Back 232

The restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868.

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mercantilism :

Back 233

The policy of building a nation's wealth by exporting more goods than it imports. Colonies are instrumental in this policy as they supply their parent nations with raw materials that are used to produce finished goods, and then exported back to the colonies. Colonies not only served as a source for the raw materials, but also as an exclusive market for the parent country.

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Mexican Revolution :

Back 234

(1910 – 1920) A political revolution that removed dictator Porfirio Diaz, and hoped to institute democratic reforms. While a constitution was written in 1917, it was many more years until true change occurred.

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Michelangelo :

Back 235

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

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Middle Ages :

Back 236

Time period in European history between the fall of Rome in 476 C.E. and the beginning of the Italian Renaissance in the early 15th century.

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middle class :

Back 237

Social and economic class usually composed of merchants, artisans, and business people. In some societies, the richest class, but without a title of nobility. The middle class is usually the backbone of society as they are generally more moderate in their economic, social, and political habits.

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militarism :

Back 238

Political policy that is dominated by the military and the competitive buildup of arms.

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mixed economy :

Back 239

An economic system which is a combination of Market and Command economic systems where market forces control most consumer goods, but government directs industry in need areas.

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Monroe Doctrine :

Back 240

(1823) A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference.

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Moses :

Back 241

He is considered a founder of Judaism due to his role in the liberation of the Hebrews from Egypt, and his delivery of the Ten Commandments from Mount Sinai sometime around 2000 BCE.

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Muslim League :

Back 242

Nationalist movement in India by the Islamic population who did not feel represented by the Indian National Congress. They initially formed to protexct Muslim rights, but later called for an independent state.

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Mussolini, Benito :

Back 243

(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World

Front 244

Nagasaki :

Back 244

Japanese city devastated during World War II when the United States dropped the second atomic bomb on Aug 8th, 1945.

Front 245

NATO :

Back 245

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an international defense alliance between the United States, Great Britain, and others formed in 1949 as a response to the spread of communism.

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Nehru, Jawaharlal :

Back 246

(1889-1964) Indian nationalist leader and the first prime minister of independent India from 1947 to 1964. Along with Mohandas Gandhi, he was instrumental in freeing India from Britain’s control.

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Nuremburg Trials :

Back 247

War crime trials held in Nuremburg after World War II to try the surviving Nazis concerning the Holocaust, aggressive war making, mistreatment of prisoners among other things

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Old Imperialism :

Back 248

A European policy of conquest that occurs in the 15th through 18th centuries in Africa, India, the Americas, and parts of Asia The motives were the same for most areas, the establishment of lucrative trade routes. Various European countries dominated these trades routes and one time or another, and a some countries, such as Great Britain and Spain, came to dominate entire countries.

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Open Door Policy :

Back 249

A policy of the United States that stated China should be open to all nations that which to trade with them. This policy did not include the consent of the Chinese, and was another form of imperialism.

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Opium War :

Back 250

In the early 19th century, Great Britain began importing opium, processed from poppy plants grown in the Crown Colony of India, into China. Chinese officials attempted to ban the importation of the highly addictive opium, but ultimately failed. The British declared war on China in a series of conflicts called the Opium Wars. Superior British military technology allowed them to claim victory and subject the Chinese to a series of unequal treaties.

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Ottoman Empire :

Back 251

Hereditary nation state centered in Turkey. It was founded in the late 13th century after the collapse of the Byzantine Empire and extended across most of Asia Minor and the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire collapsed shortly after World War II.

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Pericles :

Back 252

(495? BCE-429? BCE) Athenian statesman. He was the central ruler of Athens during its golden age. He was the central patron behind many of their achievements. He was also a very skilled speaker. Athens City-State of Ancient Greece and center of Greek golden age that occurred in the 5th century BCE.

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Persian Empire :

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Ancient Middle Eastern empire comprising modern day Iran. The Perisan Empire dominated the Middle East from the middle of the 6th century BCE to about the end of the 5th century BCE, Its greatest ruler was Dairus I. Persia was later conquered by Alexander the Great.

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Persian Gulf War :

Back 254

(1990 – 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States’ coalition emerging victorious.

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Peter the Great :

Back 255

(1672-1725) Czar of Russia. He was responsible for the westernization of Russia in the 18th century.

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Philip II :

Back 256

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

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Phoenicians :

Back 257

An early trading civilization located in present day Lebanon and Syria along the Mediterranean. They produced various products, such as glass, papyrus scrolls, and dyes, and established trade across the entire Mediterranean Sea. The Phoenician trade empire benefited most cultures in this region. As their trade expanded, they setup colonies throughout the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians also developed an alphabet to keep track of their business dealings. This alphabet was later adopted and adapted by the Greeks and Romans, and is the basis for the western alphabets of today. Phoenician trade is responsible for the great exchange of ideas and culture that occurred during this time period.

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provisional government :

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A temporary government assembled during times of change.

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Prussia :

Back 259

Former independent kingdom and state of Germany. In the late 19th century, it formed the central state of the German Empire, which was one of the largest in Europe

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Puritan Revolution :

Back 260

Political and Religious revolution in England between 1640 and 1660. The monarchy was abolished in favor of a Republic led by Oliver Cromwell. It ended with the seating of Charles II on the throne. Also known as the English Revolution

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Reformation :

Back 261

The protest against perceived wrong doings by the Catholic Church during the early 16th century. Main leaders were Martin Luther and John Calvin.

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Renaissance :

Back 262

A rebirth of cultural and intellectual pursuits after the stagnation of the Middle Ages. This period in European history, from about the 14th through 16th centuries, features major cultural and artistic change.

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representative democracy :

Back 263

A system of government where the legislative, judicial, and executive powers are held by directly or indirectly elected officials.

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republic :

Back 264

A political system in which a country is ruled by law, has representative government, and is democratic in nature.

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Roman Empire :

Back 265

The territories ruled by ancient Rome which at one time encompassed most of the Mediterranean world and parts of France, England, and Germany. The empire lasted from 27 BCE to 395 CE.

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Rousseau, Jean Jacques :

Back 266

(1712-1778) French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a book called, The Social Contract, where he stated that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Rousseau believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will. He claimed that the General Will would always act in the best interest of the people.

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Russo-Japanese War :

Back 267

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

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Salt March :

Back 268

(1930) Passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt

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Scientific Revolution :

Back 269

An offshoot of the Renaissance in which scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe. One of the main ideas to come out of the Scientific Revolution was the use of the Scientific Method. The Scientific Method uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on how the universe works.

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separation of powers :

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A tool in government described by Baron de Montesquieu which states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. This system would Check and Balance itself, which would help protect the people's liberty.

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Sepoy Mutiny :

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(1857-1859) A revolt by the hired Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the British East India Company. It began as a result of the rifle cartridges that were distributed to the Sepoys had to be bitten to remove a cover before being inserted into a gun. Rumors circulated among the Sepoys that this cover had been greased with beef and pork fat. This angered Muslim Sepoys who were not supposed to consume pork, and the Hindu Sepoys who were not supposed to eat beef. Thus, the Sepoys revolted against the British army, which eventually ended the conflict through use of force. This resulted in the British government officially taking control of India, making it a colony.

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serfs :

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Farmers who were tied to the land during European feudalism. They were not slaves because they could not be bought or sold, but they could not readily leave the manor either. Serfs were given land to farm in exchange for service to their lord. This service usually involved working the lord's fields, maintaining roads and the manor, and providing military service in times of war. Serfs paid taxes to their lord in the form of crops. This is also how the paid the fee to use the manor's mill or other services.

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Shinto :

Back 273

Shinto, which means "Way of the Gods," is the traditional religion of Japan that focuses on nature. Many consider Shinto to be a form of Animism due to the many similarities found between them. Shinto teaches that there is a sacredness of the whole universe and that humans can be in tune with this sacredness. Every mountain, river, plant, animal, and all the diverse phenomena of heaven and earth have spirits, or kami, which inhabit them. Reverence is paid to the ancestors through the practice of ancestor worship

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Silk Road :

Back 274

Trade route from China to the Middle East. Called the Silk Road due to China’s most important export.

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Sino-Japanese War :

Back 275

(1894-1895) Japan’s imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

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socialism :

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A political system where the means of production are controlled by the workers and all things are shared evenly. Socialist policies provide for government funding of many basic needs such as food, shelter, and medical care.

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Solidarity :

Back 277

An independent Polish labor Union which fought against communism in Poland in the 1980s. Most notable for helping to end communism in Poland and throughout Eastern Europe

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Songhai :

Back 278

One of the west African Trading Kingdoms. They were rich in gold and established a vast trading network across the Sahara desert.

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sovereignty :

Back 279

The right of a country to govern itself without interference.

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Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) :

Back 280

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Formed in 1922 from most of the former Russian Empire. The Soviet Union was controlled by the Communist Party headquarter in Moscow, Russia. The Soviet Union was a world superpower along with the United States, and was one of the two major antagonist during the Cold War.

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Space Race :

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Term given to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War to advance their space programs.

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Spanish-American War :

Back 282

(1898) A war between the United States and Spain over the control of Cuba. The United States won this war and gained independence for Cuba, and control of the Philippines.

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Spirit of the Laws, The :

Back 283

A book written by Baron de Montesquieu describing his theories on government. He states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Montesquieu explained that under this system each branch would Check and Balance the others, which would help protect the people's liberty.

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Sputnik :

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Soviet satellite put into orbit around Earth in 1957. It was the first man made satellite put into orbit.

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Stalin, Josef :

Back 285

(1879-1953) The General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party from 1922 until 1953. Known for his brutality in dealing with opponents and his failed policies of collectivism that caused widespread famine across the Soviet Union.

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Stock Market Crash :

Back 286

(1929)The steep fall in the prices of stocks due to widespread financial panic. It was caused by stock brokers who called in the loans they had made to stock investors. This caused stock prices to fall, and many people lost their entire life savings as many financial institutions went bankrupt.

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stockholder :

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A person holding ownership of part of a company or business venture.

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Suez Canal :

Back 288

A canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a vital trade route in the British Empire during imperialism, and continues to link North Africa and Europe to Asia today.

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Suez War of 1956 :

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War between Israel and Egypt which resulted in Egypt losing control of the Sinai Peninsula.

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Suleiman :

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(1494-1566) Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and considered to be their greatest ruler. Under his leadership, the Ottoman Empire reached its greatest height.

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Sun Yixian :

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(1866-1925) Chinese nationalist leader who fought to end foreign domination. He formed the Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party, which overthrew the Manchu Dynasty and established a republican form of government in its place. Also known as Sun Yat-sen.

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Taoism / Daoism :

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The Chinese philosophy of Taoism (or Daoism) developed in the latter part of the Chou Dynasty, during a period of turmoil in which it was not clear that Chinese civilization would survive. It represents a naturalistic ideal of how one should live their life. The Chinese term Tao can be translated into English, meaning "the way." It is a philosophy which teaches that nature has a "way" in which it moves, and that people should passively accept the "way" of nature, rather than resist it. One concept related to this is that of wu-wei, which means "not doing." This means that people should not act unnaturally by doing things, but rather should openly accept the natural way. An emphasis is placed on the link between people and nature. Taoism teaches that this link lessened the need for rules and order, and leads one to a better understanding of the world.

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Taiping Rebellion :

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(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

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Ten Commandments :

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The ten laws given to Moses by God, according to the Bible.

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terrace farming :

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The cutting out of flat areas (terraces) into near vertical slopes to allow farming. Terrace farms appears as steps cut into a mountainside. This adaptation allowed both the early Chinese, and the Inca of Mesoamerica to grow enough food for their large populations.

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Theodosius :

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(346? CE – 395 CE) Emperor of the Roman Empire who is responsible for making the Christian religion the official religion of the empire

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Tiananmen Square Massacre :

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A political and social protest by university students in Beijing, China in 1989. The protest called for political and social reforms and resulted in the government using the military to end it, which caused hundreds of deaths, thousands of injured, and many more imprisoned.

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Tokugawa Shogunate :

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(1603-1867) Feudal Warlord rulers of Japan. Responisble for closing Japan off from the rest of the world. Overthrown during the Meiji Restoration.

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Torah :

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The holy book of Judaism. It describes the creation of the world, the history of ancient Israel, the Ten Commandments, and contains the Psalms and the prophetic books.

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totalitarian state :

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A state or country completely controlled by a single power, such as a monarch or dictator.

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totalitarianism :

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An ideology where all social, economic, and political powers are centered in the government completely.

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trade fair :

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A gathering of merchants, craftsmen, and artisans to buy and sell goods and service during late Middle Ages.

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traditional economy :

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An economy based on agriculture, with others in society working in simple crafts, such as the manufacturing of cloth or pottery.

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Treaty of Nanjing :

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(1842) An unequal treaty between Great Britain and China resulting from the Opium War. The treaty stated that China was to reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the war. The Chinese were forced to open several ports to British trade, provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong, and grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China.

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Treaty of Portsmouth :

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(1905) The treaty that ended the Sino-Japanese War. It granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

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Treaty of Tordesillas :

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A treaty dividing the New World possessions between Portugal and Spain. This treaty, signed in 1494 was a product of the Catholic Church.

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Treaty of Versailles :

Back 307

Treaty ending World War I. It was extremely unfair to Germany, forcing them to accept all of the blame for the war. It is a major cause of World War II.

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trench warfare :

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A form of combat where armies fight each other from opposing fortified positions, usually consisting of long, dugout holes or trenches

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Triangle Trade :

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A catch all phrase for the trade occurring between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Trade goods include raw materials from the Americas, manufactured goods from Europe, and slaves from Africa.

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tribalism :

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Feelings of loyalty to individual tribes, and the cause of much war and strife in modern Africa.

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Tripitka :

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The collection of religious writings by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha.

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Triple Alliance :

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An alliance that was made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy during World War I.

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Triple Entente :

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An alliance that was made up of France, Russia, and Great Britain during World War I.

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Truman Doctrine :

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A policy if the Truman presidency that called for supporting any nation resisting communism.

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Two Treatises of Government :

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Also known as The Three Baskets of Wisdom, a book written by John Locke describing his views on government which explained that all men have Natural Rights, which are Life, Liberty, and Property, and that the purpose of government was to protect these rights. This book is the basis for many modern democracies.

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unequal treaty :

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A treaty forced upon a country being dominated by another during Imperialism. These treaties often gave the imperialistic nation the ability to do whatever they needed to do in pursuit of profit.

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United Nations :

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An international body composed of many countries that seeks to promote peace, prosperity, and cooperation around the world. It was formed in 1945 at the end of World War II.

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United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) :

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An organization within the United Nations that works to provide food, clothing, and other assistance to children in need around the world. UNICEF was founded in 1946.

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights :

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A document published by the United Nations in 1948 stating that all people had certain basic rights including life, liberty, equality, justice and self determination. Source Document: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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Untouchables :

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Members of Hindu society thought to have been removed from the Caste System, with no hope of returning to it, due to their misdeeds in previous lives. Work that is deemed unclean for all other Hindus is reserved for these Outcasts. After winning its independence from Great Britain in 1947, India adopted a national constitution which stated that "Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden." Since that time many Caste reforms have been enacted to diminish discriminatory practices in India. Today, the Caste System still exists in practice, despite the many laws designed to legally abolish it.

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Upanishads :

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Hindu holy book from the 8th century BCE.

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urbanization :

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The movement of people to urban areas in search of work.

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vassal :

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A person owing service to a feudal lord.

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Vedas :

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A Hindu holy book which is a collection of Aryan hymns that were transmitted orally before being written down in the 6th century BCE.

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Venice and Florence :

Back 325

Italians City-States which were the center of the rebirth of European trade and culture at the end of the Middle Ages.

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Victor Emmanuel :

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(1820-78) He was king of Sardinia from 1849 to 1861, when he became king of a united Italy until his death in 1878. His support of the unification movement was vital to its success.

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Viet Cong :

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The name of the Vietnamese communist who fought against South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War.

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Vietnam Conflict/War :

Back 328

A war in the country of Vietnam, first between the French and Vietnamese, as France was attempting to hold onto its colony. The second war was between the United States and the communist forces of North Vietnam, as the U.S. was attempting to keep South Vietnam free from communism. The North Vietnamese eventually won, forcing the United States to withdraw.

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Vishnu :

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Hindu god called the Preserver. Vishnu is the second member of the triad that includes Brahma the Creator and Shiva the Destroyer.

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Voltaire :

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(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

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von Bismarck, Otto :

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(1815-1898) Appointed Prussian chancellor in 1862. he began a program of war to unify all the German states under the control of Prussia. His policy was known as Blüt und Eisen or Blood and Iron. He was the most powerful statesman in Europe as chancellor of the new German Empire from 1871 to 1890. He was known as the Iron Chancellor.

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Walesa, Lech :

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(1943- ) Polish labor union leader, Nobel laureate, and President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. He was instrumental in the collapse of communism in Poland and throughout Eastern Europe through the work of the labor union Solidarity.

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Warsaw Pact :

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An international defense alliance between the Soviet Union and many of its Eastern European satellite states as a response to NATO. Formed in 1955.

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Wealth of Nations :

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British philosopher and writer Adam Smith‘s 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

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Wheel of Life :

Back 335

important symbol of Buddhism. It represents the endless cycle of life through reincarnation.

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White Man's Burden, The :

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A poem by Rudyard Kipling written in 1899. It is also the name given to the idea that the culture of the native populations where European imperialism was occurring were inferior to western nations. Some interpreted Kipling’s poem to mean that it was the duty of imperializing nations to bring western culture and sensibility to the savage native populations that were encountered in far off lands.

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William and Mary :

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King and Queen of England from 1689 to 1702. They were placed on the throne as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and ruled as limited monarchs.

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Wilson, Woodrow :

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(1856-1924) President of the United States during World War I. He was one of the formulators of the Treaty of Versailles. He also proposed a regulating body of nations to avoid future conflicts through diplomacy in his 14 Points Speech.

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working class :

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Lowest class in most social class systems, including factory workers, miners, and others.

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World Bank Group :

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A vast financial resource owned and controlled by its membership of over 180 countries. The purpose of the bank, established in 1944, is to provide loans and economic advice to its member countries. In 2001, the bank provided over 17.3 billion dollars in loans to over 100 different developing nations.

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World Health Organization (WHO) :

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An organization attached to the united Nations that is concerned with the health and well being of all people. The organization works in developing nations to curb disease and other health related problems.

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World War I :

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(1914 – 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

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World War II :

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(1939 – 1945) A war fought in Europe, Africa and Asia between the Allied Powers of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

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Wright, Orville :

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(1871–1948) American inventor. He is best know for his work with his brother Wilbur in the development of the airplane.

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Yeltsin, Boris :

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(1931- ) President of Russia. He was elected before the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. He served until 1999. Yeltsin was instrumental in keeping a cout d’etat from occurring which would have returned hard line communists to power in Russia.

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Zen Buddhism :

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A blending of Buddhism from India with Taoism from China. It is predominately practiced in China and Japan.

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Zheng He :

Back 347

(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.

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Zionism :

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Jewish nationalist movement to establish a homeland in Palestine. This movement began in the late 1800s, as anti-Semitic feelings intensified in Europe. The main leader of this movement was a journalist by the name of Theodor Herzl. Herzl's dream of a homeland for Jewish peoples was realized in 1948 with the creation of Israel.

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Zulu :

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The name of a tribe of South Africa people who live in the northern part of Natal. They were the dominate tribe in the late 19th century when European Imperialism began. They resisted both the Boers and the British, but ultimately lost their homeland and freedom by 1879.

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Young Italy :

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Nationalistic movement that wanted to end foreign control of Italy. Started in 1831 by Guiseppe Mazzini.

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Yom Kippur War :

Back 351

(1973) War between Israel and Egypt and Syria in which Israel defeated the two capturing land from each.