Glgy 301 Final Exam

Front 1

What do conodonts, radiolarians, ammonoids, and fusulinids in the Cordillera indicate?

Back 1

The cordillera was formed at equitorial latitudes

Front 2

How long ago did Rodinia and Laurentia form, respectively?

Back 2

- 1100M years ago

- 750M years ago

Front 3

Following what event did trilobites arise?

Back 3

Cambrian Explosion

Front 4

Where is one of the worlds best fish fossil localities located in BC? What important fish fossil was discovered there?

Back 4

- Wapiti Lake

- Ichthyosaurs

Front 5

Where were radiolarian microfossils discovered and what did they record?

Back 5

- Queen Charlotte Island

- End-Triassic mass extinction

Front 6

Where in BC was the elasmosaur discovered?

Back 6

Puntledge River on Vancouver Island

Front 7

Where was BC's biggest ammonite discovered?

Back 7

Near Fernie, BC

Front 8

What are the 3 main track-bearing formations in BC?

Back 8

1. Mist Mountain Formation (MMF)

2. Gething Formation (GF)

3. Dunvegan Formation (DF)

Front 9

Dinosaurs in BC left fossil ________ & ________ but no _________.

Back 9

- fossil footprints & trackways

- no bones

Front 10

What types of fossils are predominantly found in BC lake environments?

Back 10

Compressional fossils

Front 11

What is Polynology?

Back 11

Study of microscopic spores and pollen in sedimentary rocks/sediments

Front 12

What region in BC helped interpret biotic discovery following a mass extinction? What mass extinction event did it assist with?

Back 12

- Tumbler Ridge

- Permian mass extinction

Front 13

Who was the first person to notice the mass extinction? What evidence did they have?

Back 13

- Georges Cuvier

- successive assemblages of organisms in the strata

Front 14

What are the 2 types of extinction?

Back 14

1. Normal extinction - extinction <= speciation

2. Mass extinction - extinction greatly exceeds speciation

Front 15

What is the importance of extinction?

Back 15

1. Clears out niches

2. Leads to diversification of new lineages

Front 16

What are the 4 causes of mass extinction events?

Back 16

1. Excessive volcanism

2. Sea level falling

3. Ocean anoxia

4. Asteroid impact

Front 17

When did the Permian extinction occur and what percent of species did it affect?

Back 17

- 200,000 years ago

- 90-95% marine & 75% terrestrial lost

Front 18

What are the 4 countries that Ichthyosaurs have been discovered?

Back 18

1. China

2. Canada

3. Japan

4. Spitzbergen

Front 19

What types of rocks are found in the SMF?

Back 19

siltstone, sandstone, shale

Front 20

What is the significance of the SMF?

Back 20

1. Improved resolution of early evolutionary history

2. Provides insight into early Triassic biotic recovery

Front 21

When did mapping in the Rockies begin?

Back 21

1868

Front 22

Why did modern understanding of the Rockies come in the 1990's?

Back 22

1. Base maps

2. Airphotos

3. Helicopters

Front 23

What are Nicholas Steno's 3 principles?

Back 23

1. P of Original Horizontality - sediment is originally layered horizontaly

2. P of Superposition - oldest strata is on the bottom

3. P Lateral Continuity - layers of sediment continue if no interruption

Front 24

What did William Smith do?

Back 24

Created a map of strata around Bath, England

Front 25

What did R.G. McConnell do?

Back 25

Mapped/explored the Canadian Rockies

Front 26

What did Arthur Oliver (A.O.) Wheeler do?

Back 26

Mapped the Omincea belt along the AB-BC border

Front 27

What is an unconformity?

Back 27

When a section of the rock record is missing

Front 28

What is a topographic map?

Back 28

A detailed map of the natural features on the ground

Front 29

6 reasons we study thermal springs?

Back 29

1. Rare ecosystems

2. Endangered species

3. Hydrothermal deposits

4. Geothermal energy

5. Astrobiology

6. Mars analogy

Front 30

Warm waters of thermal springs form ________________ which do not freeze during the winter.

Back 30

Microclimates

Front 31

How many thermal springs are in Canada?

Back 31

More than 150

Front 32

What is the temperature range for thermal springs?

Back 32

10-89 degrees celsius

Front 33

What is the flow rate for thermal springs?

Back 33

1-500 litres/second

Front 34

Thermal waters originate by deep _________ _________ and heating in the __________.

Back 34

- deep thermal circulation

- heating in the crust

Front 35

Thermal spring distribution is associated with?

Back 35

- volcanic activity

- fault placement

Front 36

What is the max circulation depth of water in thermal springs?

Back 36

5 km

Front 37

Where does thermal spring water preferentially flow?

Back 37

along faults

Front 38

Are all thermal springs found near active volcanoes?

Back 38

No (thermal springs in Banff)

Front 39

Low permiability means that heat flow is _________?

Back 39

conductive

Front 40

High permiability means that water flow _________ __________ __________?

Back 40

suppresses geothermal gradient

Front 41

What do rocks to thermal spring pathways under high pressure? What does this cause?

Back 41

- lose strength & close permeable pathways

- limits circulation of water

Front 42

Are there thermal springs in every belt of the Cordillera?

Back 42

Yes

Front 43

What are the highest thermal springs in Canada?

Back 43

Sulphur Mountain thermal springs

Front 44

What chemical changes occur due to seasonal variability?

Back 44

1. Eh rises

2. Dissolved O2 rises

3. TDS falls

4. Temperature falls

5. H2S falls

Front 45

What happens to the snail population every season?

Back 45

half the population dies

Front 46

Where does thermal spring water originate from? How was this proven?

Back 46

- rain water

- comparing isotopic values

Front 47

What belt does Dr. Pattison conduct his research in?

Back 47

Omineca belt

Front 48

When did a period of extension begin in the Cordillera?

Back 48

50 million years ago

Front 49

How do we know there was a period of extension on the Cordillera?

Back 49

- Grand Forks Complex

- core complexes

Front 50

Where is the Grand Forks Complex located?

Back 50

Omineca belt in Southern BC

Front 51

Why is the Grand Forks Complex interesting?

Back 51

it has faults on the left and right side

Front 52

Where was Deritrius deposited after being eroded from the Cordillera?

Back 52

ocean floor and continential interior

Front 53

What are the 2 fault on either side of the Grand Forks Complex?

Back 53

- Granby Fault

- Kettle River Fault

Front 54

What month does Calgary receive the most precipitation and in what form?

Back 54

- June

- Rain fall

Front 55

What month does Banff receive the most precipitation and in what form?

Back 55

- December

- Snow fall

Front 56

Where does Dr. Hayashi conduct his research?

Back 56

In the Foreland Belt behind Lake Louise

Front 57

What is a watershed?

Back 57

an area where all precipitation drains to/converges

Front 58

For a lake, if there is no groundwater contribution, then stream in + rain = __________ + __________?

Back 58

= stream out + evaporation

Front 59

Dr. Hayashi's research group found that Lake O'Hara had more __________ than __________?

Back 59

more outflow than inflow

Front 60

Ice has _____ electrical resistivity, while water has _____ electrical resistivity.

Back 60

ice = more (high)

water = less (low)

Front 61

3 modern geologic field work techniques

Back 61

1. Airborne geophysical surveys

2. 3D geological models

3. Field/lab work (geochronology & geochemistry)

Front 62

What types of rocks is the Bow Valley composed of?

Back 62

Carboniferous & Devonian limestone, siltstone, shale

Front 63

Where is the Miette Group located and how old is it?

Back 63

- near Lake Louise

- 730-770 mya

Front 64

What is the Miette Group composed of?

Back 64

preserved Ediacaran fossils

Front 65

Where is the Cambrian Gog Group located?

Back 65

near Lake Louise

Front 66

What is the Cambrian Gog Group composed of?

Back 66

- Quartzite

- Cambrian Trilobite fossils

Front 67

What is the Walcott Quarry famous for and where is it located?

Back 67

- soft body fossils of the Cambrian Explosion

- near Wapta Mountain

Front 68

4 features of the Western Main Ranges

Back 68

1. Folded & cleaved clay-rich rocks

2. Low-mid grade metamorphism

3. Cambrian-Ordovician basinal rocks

4. Preserved Cambrian fossils

Front 69

Who discovered the Burgess Shale? When did they discover it? Where is it located?

Back 69

- Charles Walcott

- 1909

- Yoho National Park

Front 70

What is the most abundant group and fossil in the Burgess Shale?

Back 70

- Arthropoda (group)

- Marrella (fossil)

Front 71

Burgess Shale-like fossils were discovered in __________ __________ ________.

Back 71

Kootenay National Park

Front 72

How did the Burgess Shale allow researchers to gain insight into the Cambrian food chain?

Back 72

by looking at the stomach contents of organisms

Front 73

How were the organisms in the Burgess Shale preserved? What type of environment were they preserved in?

Back 73

- mudslides causing rapid burial

- low oxygen conditions allowed for preservation

Front 74

Where did the Burgess Shale aquatic community originally exist? What is this now called?

Back 74

- on a shallow underwater cliff

- now called the Cathedral Escarpment

Front 75

What is the current tectonic setting along the west coast of Canada?

Back 75

- Juan de Fuca is subducting

- also have transform faults

Front 76

What areas on earth have the highest heat flow?

Back 76

Mid-ocean ridges

Front 77

What areas on earth have the lowest heat flow?

Back 77

Cratons

Front 78

Where is the highest heat flow in Canada?

Back 78

Cordillera (Omineca)

Front 79

Where is the lowest heat flow in Canada?

Back 79

Canadian shield (Hudson's Bay)

Front 80

What does a Bouguer Gravity map measure?

Back 80

gravitational accelaration at different places on earth

Front 81

What does a Bouguer Gravity map correct for?

Back 81

- Latitude

- Elevation

- Terrain

Front 82

What does a Bouguer Gravity map show of Western Canada?

Back 82

area of low density under the Rockies

Front 83

What does an Isostatic Residual Gravity map correct for?

Back 83

isostatic root assuming Airy isostasy

Front 84

What does a Magnetic Anomaly map show of Western Canada?

Back 84

the area west of the Rockies has been heated up and the magnetic field has been reset

Front 85

What was the Lithoprobe program?

Back 85

project which mapped the lithosphere using seismic imaging

Front 86

What are the 3 key features of the Lithoprobe of the Souther Cordillera?

Back 86

1. Isostatic root thickest beneath Western Rockies

2. Flat Moho beneath most of Cordillera

3. Precambrian basement extends almost to Vancouver

Front 87

What is a Craton?

Back 87

stable portion of the lithosphere with little geologic activity

Front 88

What does carbon dating of marsh, offshore deposits indicate?

Back 88

500 year return period

Front 89

What was coastal forest flooding caused by? How was it proven?

Back 89

- earthquake induced subsidence

- proven using tree rings

Front 90

What 2 events does a Cascadia megathrust earthquake include?

Back 90

1. interseismic locked period

2. co-seismic rupture

Front 91

Where is episodic slow slip occuring? How was this proven?

Back 91

- below the locked subduction fault

- proven using GPS monitoring