Gis Exam 3

Front 1

reference maps

Back 1

show detailed geographic information
1. Portrays information as accurately as possible
2. Designed to extract precise information
2. May display many different kinds of information
3. Are used for multiple purposes

Front 2

thematic maps

Back 2

–show selected features or concepts
-generally have a theme or message
1. Precise information less important
2. Designed to visualize general patterns
3. Display a limited amount of information
4. Are used for a single, or limited, purpose

Front 3

Quantitative Map

Back 3

displays the spatial aspects of numeric data
Example: number of people in Wisconsin by county
(often referred to as “statistical” maps)

Front 4

Cloropleth map

Back 4

show raw or standardized data

Front 5

Visual Variables

Back 5

“Graphic Variations” of a particular graphic element
•ability to distinguish between features having a common graphic element
(shape, hue, size, orientation,chroma(saturation))

Front 6

Traditional Graphic elements (symbols)

Back 6

point, line, area

Front 7

Secondary Visual Variables

Back 7

arrangement, texture, orientation

Front 8

Legibility

Back 8

•
Symbols and text must be easy to read and understand
•
Map scale
•
Size Limitations
•
Media

Front 9

Visual Contrast

Back 9

•Must be able to distinguish between symbols and components
•Possibly most important principle of graphic design
•Visual Interest

Front 10

Ways to achieve contrast

Back 10

different saturations of grey
color contrast
line widths

Front 11

Figure -Ground organization

Back 11

Perceptual grouping of objects in a scene as figure (in front) and ground (in back)
*More important information should be firgure.

Front 12

Interposition

Back 12

used to develop figure-ground relationships. one objects appears over another

Front 13

Land water contrast

Back 13

shading, line width, graticule in water, coastal vignetting

Front 14

Coastal vignetting

Back 14

alter brightness along coastline, (use from line, stillpling, or darkening coast land or water)

Front 15

Visual Hierarchy

Back 15

•Organizational Hierarchy
•Intellectual order reflected in visual prominence

Front 16

Map Composition

Back 16

Refers to the layout and arrangement of basic map components
(legend, neat line, north arrow, etc)

Front 17

typography

Back 17

the study and development of type

•type design
•type morphology (shape)
and characteristics
•arrangement and spacing
•readability and legibility

Front 18

Serif

Back 18

•Finishing strokes added to the end of the main strokes of the letter
•In running text, serif style type is generally easier to read
(Times new Roman)

Front 19

Type Size and Legibility

Back 19

•
Font size expressed in points
(72 pts. in 1 inch) (foundry block)
•
Legibility
•
never smaller than 5 pts.
•
rarely less than 6 pts.

Front 20

fonts to avoid

Back 20

all caps
decorative

Front 21

preferred position for labeling points

Back 21

1- top right
2- top left
3- bottom right
4- bottom left

Front 22

line labels

Back 22

•ideal position is above line, along a horizontal stretch
•try to place labels so that words flow in direction of river
•avoid positioning type upside down
•should / may follow curve of feature
- instead of stretching word, label multiple times

(for aerial follow all of these rules, but DO stretch to cover feature)

Front 23

Continuous Data

Back 23

Data that occur everywhere on the earth’s surface
Ex) temperature, elevation, barometric pressure

Front 24

Discrete Data

Back 24

data that occur only at specific locations on the earth’s surface
Ex: cities, cellular towers

Front 25

Proportional (Graduated) Symbol Mapping

Back 25

•typically use discrete data (non-continuous)
•size of symbol relates to values being mapped (usually graduated circles)

Front 26

Mathematical Scaling:

Back 26

areas of circles are directly proportional to the data values

Front 27

Perceptual Scaling

Back 27

size of circle is increased to account for underestimation of data values

Front 28

Range Graded

Back 28

number of classes (?)

depicts the circles in relation to ranges of data. The information is classified as equal quantiles, breaks, natural breaks, and minimum variance.

Front 29

Continuous Scaling

Back 29

no classes; # dot sizes = # observations

(so the key would show guidelines for comparison )

Front 30

nested vs linear legends

Back 30

nested- symbols shown overlapping

linear- symbols in a line/row

Front 31

how to reduce symbols overlapping in maps

Back 31

•
Reduce number of points
•
Adjust dot size
•
Consider making series of maps
•
Adjust symbol specifications

Front 32

Dot Density Mapping

Back 32

•
For mapping discrete data
•
Communicates spatial density
•
Reveals overall pattern at the expense of specific value extraction

Front 33

Point classification

Back 33

1. One to One relationship (one dot = one person)
2. One to Many relationship (one dot = 1000 people)

possibly most important factor

Front 34

Choropleth Map

Back 34

(choro = place, pleth = value)

• Quantitative thematic map in which discrete data are
aggregated and mapped by enumeration unit.

areal symbols shaded, or colored, according to value

Front 35

Enumeration unit:

Back 35

an area used to collect, aggregate, and map data

Front 36

Data Standardization

Back 36

standardizes data based on another variable (eg. area & population -pop density)

Front 37

data classification

Back 37

-simplifies data
•Typically 5-7 classes

Front 38

Techniques for Determining Class Breaks

Back 38

•
Equal Interval (equal arithmetic breaks)
•
Quantiles
•
Natural Breaks
•
Jenks Optimization Routine

Front 39

Equal interval

Back 39

Data classed according to equal numeric breaks (or equal intervals)
example: 10-20, 20-30 (interval = 10, range = 20)
Does not take distribution into account- some classes may include no observations

Front 40

Quantiles

Back 40

Equal number of observations in each class

no empty sets, but units with same values may be separated into different classes.

Front 41

Natural Breaks

Back 41

when data is is spread out, visual clusters determine breaks

takes distribution into account, but can be very subjective

Front 42

Jenks Optimization Routine

Back 42

•
Developed in the 1970’s
•
Attempts to establish “optimal” class breaks based on the
spread of data
•
Mathematical approach
•
Minimizes difference within classes
•
Maximizes difference between classes

Front 43

ColorBrewer

Back 43

an online tool that assists cartographers choose appropriate colors for thematic maps

Front 44

Diverging Schemes

Back 44

one color shows negative numbers, another shows positives, with darker colors at poles. Can be used for blue/red political mapping.

Front 45

Sequential Schemes

Back 45

color scheme that sequences from light to dark, used in chloropleth- light represents low values, dark represents high values

Front 46

HSV

Back 46

used for color pickers in computers

HSL and HSV are the two most common cylindrical-coordinate representations of points in an RGB color model, which rearrange the geometry of RGB in an attempt to be more perceptually relevant than the cartesian representation.

Front 47

RGB

Back 47

The RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light are added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors.

Front 48

CMYK

Back 48

The CMYK color model (process color, four color) is a subtractive color model, used in color printing, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. CMYK refers to the four inks used in some color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key black.

Front 49

Qualitative Map

Back 49

purpose is to show the spatial distribution of “what”, or “what kind”
Example: location of churches