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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GIS
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an intergrated system that links and collates locational and database info to visualize patterns, trends, and relationships
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stand alone software packages
delorme 3-d & 7.5min. topoquads |
is a surfing software for topographic locations and 3-d cartometric analysis... its use for geographic area in 3-d like the volume of a lake
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street atlas USA
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Street Atlas USA is a point and click package with a variety
of additional features. (E.g.: Distance from/to)....Google and Yahoo have similar packages. |
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microsoft street and trips
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More detailed address matching
software package that will plan your route for you... includes overpasses, speed limits... |
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Integrated map analysis packages
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is formally defined as GIS, its integrated, internally compatible multi-functional packages w/ databases, stats, and graphical tools info filters/layers
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ArcGIS 9.3
developed by ESRI |
allows one to view and query maps created with the other Arc products... google maps and Microsoft virtual earth
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ArcInfo
developed by ESRI |
is a full-featured geographic information system produced by ESRI, and is the highest level of licensing (and therefore functionality) in the ArcGIS Desktop product line.
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IDRISI Andes
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A geographic information system (GIS) developed by Clark Labs for the analysis and display of digital spatial information.
Free software, good for environmental projects |
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ERDAS Imagine 9.2
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A raster graphics editor & remote sensing application made by Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging. The latest version is 9.2. Allows the user to display and enhance digital images & perform numerous operations to generate answers to specific geographical questions.
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Ian McHarg
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Used maps and multiple grey scaled photographic overlays as tools for analysis, his aim was to find the solution of maximum social utility. fathered GIS
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The Richmond Parkway
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An application of McHarg’s work
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Origins of GIS
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been being used since the late 1800s Early GIS’s used for land-use planning, mapping and recording natural resources at a state, regional and national level...Exploded from the 1980’s onwards
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Dr. Roger Tomlinson
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Canadian GIS developer who made The first full GIS, it was a land inventory database used to locate marginal lands that were currently used for agricultural purposes.
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GIS components
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data input, storage structure, data adequacy, data forms, georeferencing, labeling, format consideration, manipulation, analysis techniques
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GIS data planes
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computer equivalent to a map overlay, each plane contains info about the spatial arrangement of a specific variable
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GIS data forms
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each data plan contains data forms, in for basic types being points, area, lines, and surfaces
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system capabilities of Manipulations and analysis
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Comparing statistical distributions for you, Searching for selected set of characteristics, Nearest-neighbor analysis, Comparing data with different scales projections
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Basic operations of Manipulations and analysis
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Reclassification, Overlaying, Distance functions, Modeling
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Buffers or buffer zone
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uses the distance function and is used to buffer important environmental area such as scenic areas, drinking water, or bald eagle nest
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GIS modeling
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in DGIS, a logical sequence of analytical operations used to produce info, looking at different out comes
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Remote sensing
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collecting and interpreting info about the earth from a distance
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Electromagnetic spectrum
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The visible spectrum consists of a fairly narrow range of wavelengths from ultraviolet (reasonably short) to microwave (reasonably long)
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Photogrammetric Terminology
Wavelengths spectral range broad |
Sensor can receive energy from many wavelengths and integrates them into one composite signal (Aerial photography)
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Photogrammetric Terminology
Wavelengths spectral range narrow |
Sensor can receive and integrate only limited frequencies (Radar)
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Photogrammetric Terminology
Wavelengths spectral range Multispectral |
Can record two or more wavelength bands independently; allows for integration or individual analysis (LandSat Imagery).
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Photogrammetric Terminology
Signal source Active remote |
sensing system: System creates its own designated EMR (E.g: RADAR- radio signals)
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Photogrammetric Terminology
Signal source Passive remote |
Sensing system: System relies on naturally generated EMR that is either reflected or emitted by an object or feature (E.g: Aerial photography)
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how does light-sensitive emulsions work on photo paper
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Objects vary in their reflective ability. High reflection creates dark images while low reflection creates light images (a negative). A positive print is usually made
to lighten the dark areas and darken the lighter areas. |
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Panchromatic emulsions
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Sensitive to same wavelengths as the human eye and closely
(B & W, or color) replicates visual brightness. Looks familiar, easily interpreted |
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Infrared emulsions
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Not visible to the naked eye. Useful for vegetation & water body ID.(B & W, or color) Eg: Broadleaf leaves are more reflective than coniferous leaves and hence appear in lighter tone. In CIR, the broadleafs show up in red, the conifers in bluish purple. Even stressed tree populations appear in different colors
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vertical aerial photography
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pic is taken with the camera pointed as nearly perpendicular to earths surface
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oblique aerial photos
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can be high or low angle pic thats taken with the camera lens deliberately pointed at a non perpendicular angle to earths surface
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orthograpic view
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is a view drawn as though every point were seen from directly over head
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Planimetric shifts
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variation of planimetric location of objects in an aerial photo due to differences in elevation and results in a difference of scale
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principal point
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location on the ground in which am aerial camera is pointed
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Satellite Systems
history |
Remote sensing from space has existed since 1972. The US Landsat program has historically been the source, with the French SPOT program launched in 1982.
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Satellite Systems?
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Most data is collected and encoded onboard the spacecraft before radio transmission to numerous Earth receiving stations.
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Satellite Systems?
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Only a portion of the wide range of EMR used in remote sensing (0.4 µm - 22 cm), and
some features more easily detected in certain ranges. (E.g: Healthy vegetation is a strong reflector of energy in infrared, stressed vegetation is not. So IR is a good indicator of such stresses.) |
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Ground Resolution
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Refers to the size of the pixels in an image, expressed
in ground units. For example, if image has a 2.4 m resolution, each pixel represents a ground area that measures 2.4 m x 2.4 m. Note: Object size must be twice the resolution for it to be detected. (2.4 m res. = 4.8 x 4.8m object) |
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Landsat Program
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Landsat 7 MSS ETM+
8 spectral bands Resolution range: 79m to 15m Whisk-broom scanning 185km swath |
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SPOT 5
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6 spectral bands (MSS & Panchromatic)
Resolution range: 20m to 2.5m Push-broom scanning 60km swath – 26 day intervals Takes images in front AND behind satellite to allow stereoscopic imagery. |
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IKONOS II
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5 spectral bands
(MSS & Panchromatic) Resolution range: 4m to 0.8m Push-broom scanning 11km swath – 144 day interval |
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Quickbird
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5 spectral bands (MSS & Panchromatic)
Resolution range: 0.6m to 2.8m Push-broom scanning 6.5km swath – 1 to 3.5 day interval |
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AVHRR image
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6 spectral bands (MSS)
Resolution range: 1.1km Whisk-broom scanning 2,400km swath – 24hr interval Poor spatial, excellent temporal resolution |
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GOES East/West
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Weather satellites
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Contrast stretched image
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when you stretch an image by expanding its greyscale
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puck
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the handheld device used with a digitizer to record positions from the tablet surface
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table
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a set of data elements arranged in rows and columns, each row represents a single record.
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vector
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a coordinate-based data model that represents geographic features as points, lines, and polygons. Attributes are associated with each vector
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raster
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Vector- is like analog where as Raster- is like digital
Vector- is points, lines, and polygons. Raster- is grid cells, and lines blur together. Vector data is more precise, but Raster data is more accurate. Vector data is used far more often. |
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Geocoding
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Assigning geographic identifiers (e.g., codes or geographic coordinates expressed as latitude-longitude) to map features and other data records such as street addresses.
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Plotters
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Used to print out digitized information. Raster plotters give tons of info on a print out, and Vector plotters are far more accurate and that leads to good plotting.
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Digital maps
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With so much digital information available, sharing this data with others is vital to increase efficiency and reduce redundancy.
Ready made databases are becoming more readily available |
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Digital Chart of the World images (DCW)
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A vector database of the world based on 1:1,000,000 scale
17 separate layers of global thematic information |
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Digital Line Graph images (DLG's)
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USGS data base that contains digital map data in vector format
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DEM (Digital Elevation Model)
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USGS data base that contains elevation values in digital form
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Digital Orthophotos
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Digital images scanned from aerial photography and processed to remove effects of planimetric shift.
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USGS Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle
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Digital orthophoto with image
Displacement removed. Standard USGS DOQ scanned from a 1:12,000 BW, Color or CIR orthophoto. Covers 3.75’ lat. by 3.75’ long |
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Digital Raster Graphic
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A scanned USGS quadrangle map, Entire map is scanned and image within neatlines is georectified to UTM projection
every 2.5” grid tick. |
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USGS Land use/Land cover data
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Produced primarily from USGS 1:250K (Occasionally 1:100K)
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Land use/Land cover data--geology
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Land use/Land cover data--geology
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USGS GNIS database (Geographic Names Information System)
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Contains name and locative
information about almost two million physical and cultural features located throughout the USA and its Territories. Based on the USGS 1:24,000 map and includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. |
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TIGER map (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing system)
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US Bureau of the Census’ digital cartographic database
Never intended as a general purpose mapping application to fill every mapping need. Shows U. S. maps only. (Population, streets,highways, census tracts,cities, states etc. |
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The NTIS (The National Technical Information Service)
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WDB I
Coastlines, national boundaries, with place names (1:12,000,000) WDB II Coastlines, major rivers, national, state and provincial boundaries with place names. (1:3,000,000) |
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NTIS’ WDB maps
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These maps must be constantly updated. A task far easier to do in digital form
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Metadata
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Data about data USGS Standards
Identification information Data quality information Spatial References Entity and Attribute lists Distribution Information |
