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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the causes of Esophagitis? Symptoms? |
-Infections/reflux of gastric juice/exogenous irritants and chemicals
- Heartburn and Waterbrash |
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What are some types of esophagitis? |
1. Infectious esophagitis -caused by viruses/fungi (immunosuppressed) 2. Reflux esophagitis -compromise of lower esophageal sphincter (histal hernia) -pepsin and HCl 3. Chemical esophagitis -swallowing of irritants/acids |
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What is the problem with longstanding esophagitis? |
-Barrett's change: intestinal type epithelium in the esophagus -dysplasia -esophageal cancer |
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What are the symptoms associated with gastritis and peptic ulcers? |
-vomiting -nausea -hemetemesis -upper abdominal pain |
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Gastritis |
Acute - erosive gastritis --> alcohol, stress, shock Chronic - autoimmune disease Chronic active - infectious |
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Peptic ulcers |
-located in the stomach or duodenum caused by acid damage to epithelial lining --> helicobacter pylori, NSAIDs, stress Appearance: sharply punched out, defects in the mucosa extending deep into layers bottom consists of granulation/scar tissue |
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Clinical features of peptic ulcers |
Duodenal ulcer - pain after eating, melena digested blood in stool), iron loss Gastric ulcer: pain, but no relation to food |
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What are some complications of peptic ulcers? |
-Hemorrhage -errosion into pancreas -perforation -scarring |
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What are the 4 types of carcinoma of the stomach? Causes? |
polypoid, fungating, ulcerated, diffusely infiltrating -nitrosamines, smoked fish, chronic atrophic gastritis |
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Diarrhea |
-infections -inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) --> chron's disease, ulcerative colitis |
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Differentiate between small bowel and large bowl diarrhea |
Small bowel etiology: V. cholerae, rotoavirus, giardia features: large volume, watery, no blood , no leukocytes Large bowel etiology: shigella sp., entameba features: small volume, mucoid, blood common, many leukocytes |
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Inflammatory bowel disease |
-chronic inflammation of the bowel wall |
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What are the 2 main categories of IBD and what's the difference? |
Chron's disease - terminal illeum -anywhere from mouth to anus (extent of infl.) -discontinuous with skip areas -full thickness Ulcerative colitis -rectum -extend up to ileocecal valve -continuous -mucosal only |
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What are the complications of Chron's disease and UC? |
Chron's disease -malabsorption, perforation and peritonitis, scarring and intestinal obstruction UC -bleeding, megacolon, cancer |
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Appendix |
Appendix has a peripheral aterial blood supply and a luminal venous return |
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What happens in acute appendicitis? |
-Blockage first prevents venous return = edema --> edema + bacterial growth shuts off aterial supply --> gangrene --> red swollen appendix --> pus invades the wall --> pus perforates the wall -acute bacterial infection |
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What causes rectal bleeding? |
-Colon cancer/ precursor lesions -polyps in the GIT |
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Colon cancer |
appearance: -fungating and ulcerative lesions -circumferential lesions features: -right sided --> late in disease (weakness, fatigue) -left sided --> early in disease (constipation, swelling, rectal bleeding) survival depends on stage |
