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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does the majority of immune activity occur?
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2/3’s of all immune activity occurs in the gut
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Where are some of the areas the GI system can refer pain?
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- Sternal region
- Shoulder and neck - Scapular region - Mid back - Lower back - Hip - Pelvis - Sacrum |
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What are the S&S of GI disorders?
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- Abdominal pain
- Dysphagia - GI bleeding - Epigastric pain with radiation to the back - Symptoms that are affected by food - Early satiety associated with weight loss - Constipation - Diarrhea - Fecal incontinence - Arthralgia’s - Referred shoulder pain – more of a generalized pain - Psoas absess - Tenderness over McBurney’s Point |
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1) Is referred pain from GI disorders diffuse or sharp?
2) Where does it normally occur in the body? |
1) The pain will be diffuse – more C fibers involved
2) Occurs over midline; Site of the pain will be related to the dermatomes associated with the diseased organs |
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1) Pain occurring in the epigastric region is classified as between what spinal levels?
2) Pain referring in this area are associated with what form of disorders? |
1) T3-T5
2) Disorders of: heart, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, gallbladder, liver |
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1) Pain occurring in the peri-umbilical region is classified as between what spinal levels?
2) Pain referring in this area are associated with what form of disorders? |
1) T9-T11
2) problems with the small intestine, pancreas, appendix, complaints of LBP |
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1) Pain occurring in the lower abdominal region is classified as between what spinal levels?
2) Pain referring in this area are associated with what form of disorders? |
1) T10 - T12
2) large intestine and colon |
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What changes to the abdominal viscera cause pain?
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Abdominal viscera are sensitive to distension in regards to causing pain - as these tissues get stretch out it will cause pain
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How is pain describe that is referred from visceral peritoneum?
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Pain will be described as deep, aching, gnawing, vague burning sensation
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1)Where will pain refer to for esophagus dysfunction?
2) How can you tell the difference between esophagus dysfunction and a thoracic disc dysfunction? |
1) esophagus will refer to the mid back
2) Esophagus dysfunction will be associated with food intake - can change when they eat and with certain foods. |
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What dysfunctions usually refer to the right shoulder?
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Liver and diaphragm
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What dysfunctions usually refer to the left shoulder?
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Pericardium / Heart
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What dysfunctions usually refer to the mid back and scapular region?
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- Gallbladder
- Stomach - Small intestine |
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What dysfunctions usually refer to the pelvis, flank, low back, and sacrum?
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Sigmoid cold and rectum
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1) What is dysphagia?
2) What are some of the causes for it? |
1) sensation of food catching in the esophagus
2) can be caused by peptic esophagitis causing narrowing, gastroesophagial reflux disease (GERD), neoplasm (tumor) |
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1) What is odynophagia?
2) What can it be caused by? |
1) Pain during swallowing
2) Caused by GERD, esophagitis, esophagus spasm |
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What are some of the ways you can tell the difference between an esophagitis and angina?
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- Esophagitis should improve in standing and worsen with standing
- Angina would get better with supine - If it gets worse and then gets better quickly it is more than likely esophagitis |
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Where does a GI bleed usually refer pain to?
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Pain from the mid thoracic back and in the right upper quadrant
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What pathology do the following symptoms relate to:
- Coffee grounds in vomit - Bloody Diarrhea - Bright red blood in stool - Black tarry stool - Redish or mahogany color stool |
1) perforated ulcer
2) ulcerated colitis 3) pathology from the rectum or anus - anal fissures that are not associated with a history of anal intercourse, hemorrhoids, colorectal cancer 4) large quantities of blood in the stool due to injury to the GI tract 5) certain foods and can also be indicative of rectal bleeding in the lower GI and colon |
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What is the definition of constipation?
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Difficulty having a bowel movement
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What is obstipation?
What does it lead to? |
1) Intractable constipation
2) Leads to impacted bowel - has associated back pain |
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What are some red flags in regard to the GI system?
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- Unexplained constipation
- Sudden and unaccountable changes in bowel habits - Noticed blood in stools |
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What can chronic diarrhea cause and what pathologies is it associated with?
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Weight loss - associated with IBS and neoplasms
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What are some causes for fecal incontinence?
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- Partial obstruction of the rectum secondary to cancer
- Colitis - Radiation therapy – occurs with various prostate treatments - Anal distortion secondary to traumatic child birth - Hemorrhoids or hemorrhoids surgery |
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What is reactive arthritis and what triggers it?
Where is it most often seen? |
acute onset – can be triggered by a microbial infection from the GI
Most often seen in the knees >ankles> shoulders > wrist > elbow |
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In regards to the GI system, what refers pain to the left shoulder?
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Air or blood in the abdominal cavity - due to rupture spleen or ectopic pregnancy
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Where can pancreatic disease refer pain to?
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- Head of the pancreas - R shoulder
- Tail of the pancreas - L shoulder |
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What can cause a psoas absess?
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- Can have it secondary to diverticulitis, Crohn’s Disease, Staph infection
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What are the S&S of a psoas absess?
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S&S: Fever, night sweats, lower abdominal, pelvic, or back pain, antalgic gait, able to palpate a tender mass
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What are the symptoms of GERD?
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- Heart Burn
- Regurgitation with bitter taste in mouth - Excessive belching |
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What are atypical symptoms to see with GERD?
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- Chest pain unrelated to activity
- Sensation of lump in throat - Trouble swallowing - Painful swallowing - Wheezing, coughing, hoarseness - Weight loss - Anemia |
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1) What is a peptic ulcer?
2) What is the primary cause? |
1) Loss of tissue lining in the lower esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
2) Primary cause is H pylori bacterium |
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What are the dangers if the ulcer is left untreated?
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- Bleeding
- Perforation - Infections |
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What are the S&S of gastric ulcers?
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- Epigastric pain
- Heart burn - Pain that last several minutes and radiates to the back and R shoulder |
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How does pain act with an duodenal ulcer?
What are the associated S&S? |
- Pain will increase when stomach is empty
- Nausea, vomiting, decrease appetite, associated weight loss - Back pain may be 1st and only symptom |
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What is the main risk of prolonged NSAID's use
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- Risk of ulcers increases 3x if they have h-pylori ulcer bacterium
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What are some of the GI complications with NSAID's use?
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- Risk of ulcers
- Indegestion and Heart burn - Skin reactions - Changes at level of CN IX & X (HA, depression, confusion) - Renal involvement - Associated muscle weakness - Unusual fatigue |
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1) What is diverticulosis?
2) What age bracket does it usually occur in? |
1) The colon mucosa balloons out through some weakness in the muscle of the wall of intestine
2) Occurs in people 65 years and older 60% of the time |
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1) What is diverticulitis?
2) What are the S&S? |
1) infection or inflammation accompanying a microperferation of diverticula
2) left lower abdominal pain and tenderness, left pelvic pain, bloody stools |
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What are the S&S of appendicitis?
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- Severe pain
- Nausea - Vomiting - Low grade fever for adults; high grade fever for children - Testicular / lower groin pain - Positive McBurney's Point - Rebound tenderness |
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What are the causes of pancreatitis?
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- Toxicity due to glucocorticoids
- Alcohol use (90% of chronic cases are due to alcohol use) - Toxicity due secondary to acetaminophen use |
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What are the S&S of acute pancreatitis?
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- epigastric pain that radiates to the back
- Fever and vomiting - Tachycardia - Malaise - Weakness - Bluish color around flanks |
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What are the S&S of chronic pancreatitis?
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- epigastric pain that radiates to the back
- Fever and vomiting - Tachycardia - Malaise - Weakness - Bluish color around flanks - Constipation - Flatulence - Weight loss |
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What are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer?
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- Anorexia
- Weight loss - Epigastric pain - Upper abdominal pain with radiating to the back - Jaundice secondary to obstruction of bile duct |
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What is ulcerative colitis?
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inflammation and ulceration of inner lining of large intestine and rectum
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What is Crohn's disease?
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Inflammation at terminal end of small intestine and colon, can cause inflammation anywhere along alimentary canal
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What are the S&S of Crohn's disease?
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- Diarrhea
- Constipation - Abdominal pain - Rectal bleeding - Night sweats - Decreased appetite - Skin lesions |
