Gi Physio

Front 1

GI hormone characteristics?

Back 1

Physiological release and effect, independent of nervous system, chemical identification and synthesis are characeteristics of what?

Front 2

molecular forms of gastrin?

Back 2

17, 34, 14 are molecular forms of what?

Front 3

G-17 mostly secreted where?

Back 3

antrum of stomach releases which kind of gastrin?

Front 4

G-34 mostly released where?

Back 4

duodenum mostly releases which gastrin?

Front 5

trophic activity of gastrin?

Back 5

mucosal growth caused by which hormone?

Front 6

symptoms of zollinger-elison syndrome? (4)

Back 6

duodenal ulcers, diarrhea, steatorrhea, hypokalemia, are symptoms of what?

Front 7

I-cells release what in duodenum and jejunum?

Back 7

CCK relased by what cells where?

Front 8

CCK effects? (4)

Back 8

pancreatic enzyme secretion, weak stimulator of bicarb, emptying of gallbladder, inhibition of gastric emptying are caused by which hormone?

Front 9

which hormone requires all components to be active?

Back 9

secretin requires how much of its component to work?

Front 10

which GI hormones cleared by kidneys?

Back 10

secrtin, CCK, GIP cleared from body by what organ?

Front 11

Which GI hormone cleared by liver?

Back 11

CCK8 cleared by what organ?

Front 12

S-cells in duodenal mucosa release which GI hormone?

Back 12

Secrtin released by which cell where?

Front 13

effects of secretin?

Back 13

inhibition of gastric secretion, motility, emptying, and growth, inhibition of bowel motility and growth, pancreatic and bicarb and gallbladder stimulation, pepsin secretion, done by which hormone?

Front 14

fatty acids in duodenum release which hormone?

Back 14

secretin release stimulated by?

Front 15

K-cells in doudenum and prximal jejunum relase which hormone?

Back 15

GIP released by which cell where?

Front 16

effects of GIP?

Back 16

insulin release and inhibition of GI secretion and intestinal motility caused by whic hormone?

Front 17

which GI hormone is not related to any other GI hormone?

Back 17

Is Motilin related to any other GI hormone?

Front 18

Which GI horomone is released during the fasting state and is under neural control?

Back 18

When is motilin relased and what controls it?

Front 19

effects of motilin?

Back 19

migrating motility complex regulated by which hormone?

Front 20

effects of somatostatin?

Back 20

inhibition of ALL GI hormones, direct inhibiton of parietal cell acid secretion, mediator of acid induced gastrin inhibition is caused by which hormone?

Front 21

effects of histamine?

Back 21

stimulation of acid secrtion caused by which hormone besides gastrin?

Front 22

release and inhibition of somatostatin is mediated by?

Back 22

acid stimulates, Ach inhibits which hormone release?

Front 23

histamine release mediated by?

Back 23

gastrin and acid stimulate release of which GI hormone?

Front 24

myenteric plexus function?

Back 24

overall GI motility function controlled by which nervous system?

Front 25

submucosal plexus function?

Back 25

local control of secrtion, apbsorption, and muscularis mucosa contraction controlled by which nervous system?

Front 26

pelvic n. innervates what part of GI?

Back 26

parasympathetic nerve that controls second half of gut is which nerve?

Front 27

sympathetic innervation of gut is at what level?

Back 27

T5-L2 is origin of what nervous system of gut?

Front 28

two inhibitory influence of SNS on gut?

Back 28

direct inhibiton of smooth muscle and ENS is by which nervous system?

Front 29

superior mesenteric ganglia is part of which system and innervates what?

Back 29

distal colon is controlled by which plexus of SNS?

Front 30

inferior mesenteric ganglia is part of which system and innervates what?

Back 30

rectum is controlled by which plexus of SNS?

Front 31

excitatory chemicals in ENS?

Back 31

Ach, substance P are excitatory chemicals for which nervous system?

Front 32

inhibitory chemicals in ENS?

Back 32

VIP, NO are inhibitory chemicals for which nervous system?

Front 33

slow waves in smooth muscle are caused by?

Back 33

variations in Na conductance causes what physiologic effect in GI smooth muscle?

Front 34

which cell dictate MAX frequency of smooth muscle contraction and is independent of nervous/hormonal stimuli?

Back 34

interstitial cells of Cajal function?

Front 35

amplitude of slow waves is controlled by what?

Back 35

nervous/hormonal influences what characteristics of the slow waves?

Front 36

effect of atropine on GI?

Back 36

decreased peristalisis can be caused by this drug that block Ach receptors?

Front 37

celiac, sup. mesenteric, and inf. mesenteric supply what parts of GI?

Back 37

stomach, spleen; small int., pancreas, prox. colon; majority of colon's blood supplied by which arteries?

Front 38

venous drainage of GI?

Back 38

portal vein drains?

Front 39

which cells remove bacteria in GI?

Back 39

reticuloendothelial cells remove what in GI?

Front 40

purpose of chewing?(3)

Back 40

break cells, increase surface area, mix with saliva

Front 41

three stages of swallowing?

Back 41

buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal are stages of?

Front 42

steps of pharyngeal stage of swallowing (6)?

Back 42

stimulation, soft palate pulled up, palatopharyngeal folds pulled together, trachea, closed, UES relaxation, peristalsis are steps in which stage of swallowing?

Front 43

location of swallowing center?

Back 43

medulla is location of what control center related to GI?

Front 44

difference between primary vs. secondary peristalsis?

Back 44

continuation of pharyngeal peristalsis and clearing or remaining bolus is done by which kinds or peristalsis?

Front 45

which peristalsis in esophagus is controlled by vagus? ENS?

Back 45

Primary and secondary peristalsis is controlled by which nerves?

Front 46

backwash can lead to? (4)

Back 46

stricture of esophagus, asthma, chronic sinus infection, and barret esophagus all caused by?

Front 47

Cause of achalasia?

Back 47

failure of LES relaxation and absence of organized peristalsis can lead to?

Front 48

Sx. of achalasia? (5)

Back 48

difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, and weight loss, halitosis, belching, heartburn

Front 49

tx. of achalasia? (3)

Back 49

anti-spastic drugs, pneumatic dialator, myotomy

Front 50

receptive relaxation in the cardiac region of stomach controlled by which reflex?

Back 50

vagalvagal reflex controls what function in stomach?

Front 51

conditions that favor emptying? (4)

Back 51

increased orad stomach tone, forceful peristalsis, decreased pyloric tone, absence of intestinal contractions

Front 52

enterogastric reflex function? (3)

Back 52

decrease of gastric emptying by relaxation of orad portion of stomach, dec. force stomach peristalsis, and intestinal contractions controlled by which reflex?

Front 53

common GI problem in 20% of type I diabetes?

Back 53

gastroparesis due to vagal nerve damage is often found in what disease?

Front 54

Sx. of Dumping syndrome? (4)

Back 54

diarrhea, hypotension, reactive hypoglycemia, and ulcers are sx. of what?

Front 55

which movement in intestine is involved in the mixing of chyme?

Back 55

segmentation has what function in small intestine?

Front 56

severe distention inhibiting bowel movement is called what reflex?

Back 56

intestino-intestinal reflex mechanism?

Front 57

ext. anal sphincter innervated by?

Back 57

pudendal nerve innervates what part of GI?

Front 58

spinal cord injury affects which defecation reflex?

Back 58

higher center defecation reflex is lost, but spinal cord defecation reflex is not lost in what kind of injury?

Front 59

destrution of conus medularis causes loss of which reflex?

Back 59

local cord and high center reflex is lost when what is damaged?

Front 60

encopresis sx. and cause?

Back 60

poop accidents in children older than four caused by elimination of defecation sensation from distended colon is called?

Front 61

hirschprung's disease?

Back 61

which disease caused by absence of ganglion cells resulting in low VIP?

Front 62

backwash can lead to? (4)

Back 62

stricture of esophagus, asthma, chronic sinus infection, and barret esophagus all caused by?

Front 63

Cause of achalasia?

Back 63

failure of LES relaxation and absence of organized peristalsis can lead to?

Front 64

Sx. of achalasia? (5)

Back 64

difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, and weight loss, halitosis, belching, heartburn

Front 65

tx. of achalasia? (3)

Back 65

anti-spastic drugs, pneumatic dialator, myotomy

Front 66

receptive relaxation in the cardiac region of stomach controlled by which reflex?

Back 66

vagalvagal reflex controls what function in stomach?

Front 67

conditions that favor emptying? (4)

Back 67

increased orad stomach tone, forceful peristalsis, decreased pyloric tone, absence of intestinal contractions

Front 68

enterogastric reflex function? (3)

Back 68

decrease of gastric emptying by relaxation of orad portion of stomach, dec. force stomach peristalsis, and intestinal contractions controlled by which reflex?

Front 69

common GI problem in 20% of type I diabetes?

Back 69

gastroparesis due to vagal nerve damage is often found in what disease?

Front 70

Sx. of Dumping syndrome? (4)

Back 70

diarrhea, hypotension, reactive hypoglycemia, and ulcers are sx. of what?

Front 71

which movement in intestine is involved in the mixing of chyme?

Back 71

segmentation has what function in small intestine?

Front 72

severe distention inhibiting bowel movement is called what reflex?

Back 72

intestino-intestinal reflex mechanism?

Front 73

ext. anal sphincter innervated by?

Back 73

pudendal nerve innervates what part of GI?

Front 74

spinal cord injury affects which defecation reflex?

Back 74

higher center defecation reflex is lost, but spinal cord defecation reflex is not lost in what kind of injury?

Front 75

destrution of conus medularis causes loss of which reflex?

Back 75

local cord and high center reflex is lost when what is damaged?

Front 76

encopresis sx. and cause?

Back 76

poop accidents in children older than four caused by elimination of defecation sensation from distended colon is called?

Front 77

tx. for hirschprung's?

Back 77

resection of colon missing ganglions

Front 78

alpha amylase is found in which type of secretion?

Back 78

serous secretions in saliva contain what substance?

Front 79

flow rate increases on ionic composition of saliva?

Back 79

ion concentration reach plasma levels, but bicarb remain elevated due to salivary agonists

Front 80

three substances in saliva that destroy bacteria?

Back 80

lysozyme, thiocyanate and antibodies functions in saliva?

Front 81

innervation of salivery glands?

Back 81

superior cervical ganglion and CN IX and X innervate?

Front 82

4 causes of xerostomia?

Back 82

radiation, autoimmune, drugs, decreased capillary perfusion, cause?

Front 83

tx. of drooling?

Back 83

anticholinergics and surgery are tx. options for?

Front 84

which ions elevated in the salivary of CF patients?

Back 84

Ca, Na, and protein are elevated in the saliva in what disease?

Front 85

primary aldosteronism effect on saliva ions?

Back 85

NaCl reaches zero and K is elevated in the saliva of what disease?