Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is achalasia?
|
Failure of relaxation of the LES. Achalasia = absence of relaxation. Or Persistent contraction of the LES and absence of peristalsis, leading to dilation of the esophagus.
|
|
|
What parasitic infection can cause secondary achalasia?
|
Trypanosoma Cruzi (Chagas Disease)
|
|
|
What are esophageal varices?
|
Dilated submucosal esophageal veins that occur secondary to portal hypertension and can result in upper GI hemorrhage. Typically affect the lower 1/3 of the esophagus.
|
|
|
What is Mallory-Weiss Syndrome?
|
Painful mucosal laceration at the gastroesophageal junction due to severe vomiting. Results in hematemesis and is usually associated with alcoholics and bulimics.
|
|
|
What are the major etiologies associated with esophagitis?
|
- GERD
- Infection (HSV-1, CMV, Candida) - Chemical Ingestion **Infection associated esophagitis is most likely seen in immunocompromised patients** |
|
|
What characterizes the Triad of Plummer-Vinson syndrome?
|
1. Dysphagia (due to esophageal webs)
2. Glossitis 3. Iron Deficiency Anemia |
|
|
What is Barrett's esophagus?
|
Glandular metaplasia of the distal esophagus (i.e. replacement of stratified squamous epithelium with glandular columnar intestinal epithelium) often the result of Chronic acid reflux (GERD).
|
|
|
Barrett's esophagus increases an individuals risk of developing what type of GI cancer?
|
Adenocarcinoma (BARRett's = Become Adenocarcinoma, Results from Reflux)
|
|
|
What type of esophageal cancer has the highest incidence worldwide?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
What type of esophageal cancer has the highest incidence in the US?
|
Adenocarcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma are equal in incidence in the US.
|
|
|
What are the risk factors for developing esophageal cancer (ABCDEF)?
|
- Alcohol
- Achalasia - Barrett's Esophagus - Cigarettes - Diveticuli (i.e. Zenker's, Traction, & Epiphrenic) - Esophageal Web (Plummer-Vinson Syndrome) - Esophagitis - Familial |
|
|
What portions of the esophagus is associated with squamous cell carcinoma?
|
- Upper and Middle 1/3
|
|
|
What portion of the esophagus is associated with adenocarcinoma?
|
- Lower 1/3
|
|
|
What are the signs/symptoms associated with Malabsorption syndromes?
|
- Diarrhea
- Steatorrhea - Weightloss - Weakness |
|
|
What is Tropical sprue?
|
Infectious malabsorption syndrome that responds well to antibiotics; it similar to Celiac sprue, but it can affect the entire small bowel.
|
|
|
What organisms are considered to be the etiological agents for Tropical Sprue?
|
Enterotoxic bacteria such as E. coli and Hemophilus)
|
|
|
What type of deficiencies are commonly associated with Tropical sprue?
|
- Folate and/or Vit. B12 deficiency. Pt. may develop megaloblastic changes of epithelila cell nuclei as a result.
|
|
|
What accounts for ~80% of mechanical obstruction of the small bowel?
|
- Hernias
- Addhesions - Intussusception - Volvolus |
|
|
What accounts for ~10-15% of obstruction of the small bowel?
|
Tumors and infarction
|
|
|
What is the treatment for obstruction of the small bowel?
|
Surgery
|
|
|
What are some possible etiologies for fibrous adhesions that result in obstruction of the small bowel?
|
Fibrous adhesion are most likely the result of previous abdomenal surgeries (Fibrous adhesions are the result of scar tissue formation).
|
|
|
What is a Volvolus of the small bowel?
|
Volvolus of the small bowel refers to a twist or tangle of the small bowel that may result in a compromise in circulation and subsequent ischemia and infarction of the small bowel.
|
|
|
What is Intussusception of the small bowel?
|
Intussusception is when a segment of the small bowel telescopes into an adjacenet segment; this may result in circulatory compromise and mechanical obstruction.
|
|
|
What term describes false diverticula that result from herniation of the mucosa through defects in the muscular layer?
|
Pulsion Diverticula
|
|
|
What term describes true diverticula that consists of mucosal, muscular, and serosal layers?
|
Traction Diverticula
|
|
|
What is a major etiology for esophageal stricture?
|
Prolonged esophageal gastric acid reflux (GERD), however, it may also be caused by suicidal or accidental ingestion of corrosive acids or lye. It is marked by progressive dysphagia.
|
|
|
What is a hallmark sign/symptom of obstruction caused by congenital pyloric stenosis?
|
Projectile vomiting beginning within the first two weeks of life.
|
|
|
What is cause of congenital pyloric stenosis?
|
Hypertrophy of the circular muscular layer of the pylorus. Congenital pyloric stenosis is much more common in boys.
|
|
|
What are five main etiologies associated with acute erosive gastritis?
|
1. NSAIDs
2. Cigarette Smoking 3. Heavy Alcohol Intake 4. Burn Injury (Curling Ulcer) 5. Brain Injury (Cushing Ulcer) |
|
|
What is a Curling Ulcer?
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
|
|
|
What is a Cushing Ulcer?
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with brain injury.
|
|
|
What characterizes chronic gastritis?
|
Chronic mucosal inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhage.
|
|
|
What characterizes Menetrier disease (giant hypertrophic gastritis)?
|
Extreme enlargement of gastric rugae and sometimes severe loss of plasma proteins for the altered mucosa. Affected patients have an increased risk of stomach cancer.
|
|
|
What type of ulcer has almost all cases been exclusively associated with an H. pylori infection?
|
Duodenal Ulcers (H. pylori increases gastric acid secretion and apparently impairs both gastric and duodenal mucosal defenses).
|
|
|
Involvement of a supraclavicular lymph node by metastatic carcinoma of the stomach is referred to as a?
|
Virchow node
|
|
|
Bilateral involvement of the ovaries by metastatic carcinoma of the stomach is referred to as?
|
Krukenberg Tumors
|
|
|
What characterizes the signet-ring cells seen in Krukenberg Tumors?
|
Tumor cells contain abundant mucin, displacing the nucleus to one side resulting its characteristic appearance.
|
|
|
How does intestinal type of stomach carcinoma often manifest?
|
As polypoid (fungating) carcinoma, which forms a solid mass projecting into the lumen of the stomach.
|
|
|
Which morphological variant of stomach carcinoma has a high degree of association with H. pylori?
|
Intestinal Type Stomach Carcinoma
|
|
|
Which morphological variant of stomach carcinoma is not associated with H. pylori?
|
Infiltrating or diffuse carcinoma
|
|
|
What characterizes linnitis plastica (leather bottle stomach)?
|
Thickened, rigid stomach wall, caused by diffuse infiltration of tumor cells with accompanying extensive fibrosis.
|
|
|
When is the occurence of acute appendicitis must frequent?
|
Second and third decades of life.
|
|
|
What is thought to be a major etiology associated with acute appendicitis?
|
Obstruction of appendiceal lumen, most often by fecalith, resulting in bacterial proliferation and invasion of the mucosa?
|
|
|
What are main presenting signs/symptoms of acute appendicitis?
|
- Anorexia
- Nausea - Lower Right Quadrant Abdominal Pain - Fever - Rebound tenderness |
|
|
What is the most common appendiceal neoplasm?
|
Carcinoid tumor, which is usually detected as an incidental finding following a appendectomy.
|
|
|
What type of Inflammatory Bowel Disease causes a gross cobblestone appearance of the luminal surface of the small bowel?
|
Crohn's Disease, the cobblestone appearance is created by submucosal edema with elevation of the surviving mucosa.
|
|
|
What part of the GI tract does Ulcerative Colitis primarily affect?
|
Affects only colon
|
|
|
What type of neoplasm of the small bowel results in a desmoplastic response?
|
Carcinoid tumor
|
|
|
What is desmoplasia?
|
Induction of growth of a fibrous stroma surrounding a neoplasm.
|
|
|
What characterizes Hirschsprung disease (congenital megacolon)?
|
Dilation of the colon due to absence of ganglion cells of the submucosal and myenteric neural plexuses; dilation is proximal to the aganglionic segment.
|
|
|
What are the extraintestinal manifestions that are associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (i.e. Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis)?
|
1. Migratory Polyarthritis
2. Sacro-iliitis 3. Ankylosing Spondylitis 4. Uveitis 5. Pericholangitis & primary sclerosing cholangitis 6. Erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum. |
|
|
What are the six main complications associated with Ulcerative Colitis?
|
1. Toxic Megacolon
2. Perforation of the colon 3. Carcinoma of the colon 4. Massive hemorrhage 5. Inflammatory polyposis (Pseudopolyposis) 6. Severe diarrhea and electrolyte imbalance. |
|
|
The inflammatory changes of Ulcerative Colitis are confined to which anatomic layer of the colon?
|
Mucosa
|
|
|
What is Toxic Megacolon?
|
A medical emergency in which there is abnormal, marked dilation of the colon. In severe cases of Ulcerative Colitis, toxic damage to muscularis propria and neural plexus occurs to completely shutdown neuromuscular function.
|
|
|
Which areas of the bowel are most often associated with chronic ischemic bowel disease?
|
Splenic Flexure and Rectosigmoid Junction (water-shed areas = poorly vascularized) which are supplied by the superior and inferior mesenteric artery as well as the hypogastric artery.
|
|
|
What is diverticulosis?
|
Presence of multiple diverticula without inflammation, condition is most often asymptomatic or associated with vague discomfort.
|
|
|
Approximately 10-15% of cases of which malabsorption syndrome lead to enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma?
|
Celiac sprue (Celiac disease)
|
|
|
What is a polyp?
|
Descriptive term for any elevation of the intestinal surface.
|
|
|
What etiological agent is associated with Whipple disease?
|
Tropheryma whippelii bacilli
|
|
|
What are the six main disorders that cause Malabsorption syndromes?
|
1. Celiac sprue (Celiac Disease)
2. Tropical sprue 3. Whipple disease 4. Disaccharidase deficiency 5. Abetalipoproteinemia 6. Intestinal lymphangiectasia |
|
|
What blood smear finding is associated with abetalipoproteinemia?
|
Circulating acanthocytes (red blood cells with spiny projection)
|
|
|
What morphological feature is associated with Intestinal lymphangiectasia?
|
Generalized dilation of small intestinal lymphatics.
|
|
|
What is abetalipoproteinemia?
|
Beta-lipoprotein deficiency caused by a hereditary deficiency in apoprotein B that results in a malabsorption syndrome.
|
|
|
Skip lesions (segments of normal intestine between affected regions) is a morphological feature of which inflammatory bowel disease?
|
Crohn's Disease
|
|
|
What is the most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract?
|
Meckel's Diverticulum
|
|
|
What are the Five 2's associated with Meckel's Diverticulum?
|
- 2 inches long
- 2 ft from the ileocecal valve - 2% of the population - Commonly presents in the first 2 years of life - May have 2 types of epithelia (gastric/pancreatic) |
|
|
Pain associated with which type of ulcer worsens after ingestion of food?
|
Gastric ulcer; Pain associated with gastric ulcers may worsen postprandially.
|
|
|
Pain associated with which type of ulcer may be alleviated after ingestion of food?
|
Duodenal ulcer; Pain associated with duodenal ulcers may be alleviated postprandially.
|
|
|
What morphological findings in the small intestine are associated with Celiac sprue?
|
Blunting (flattening) of the villi and lymphocytes in the lamina propria.
|
|
|
What characterizes diverticulitis?
|
Inflammation of diverticula classically causing LLQ pain, fever, and leukocytosis.
|
|
|
What pathogen associated with infectious esophagitis specifically infects squamous cells?
|
HSV-1
|
|
|
What pathogen associated with infectious esophagitis specifically infects endothelial cells.
|
CMV
|
|
|
What esophageal pathology results from disorder cricopharyngeal motor function?
|
Zenker's diverticulum
|
|
|
What esophageal pathology results from scarring from mediastinal lymphadenitis?
|
Traction diverticulum
|
|
|
What esophageal pathology is associated with dyscoordination of peristalsis and LES relaxation?
|
Epiphrenic diverticulum
|
|
|
Amplification of which receptor is associated with invasive adenocarcinoma in Barrett esophagus?
|
c-ERB-B2
|
|
|
What characterizes extraesophageal spread of esophageal carcinoma?
|
Mediastinal invasion (involvement of the laryngeal, phrenic or sympathetic nerves, tracheobronchial tree, vena cava or azygous vein obstruction, aorta, fistula formation, malignant effusion)
|
|
|
What are the main observable manifestations of upper GI bleeding?
|
- Hematemesis
- Melena |
|
|
What etiologies are associated with Duodenal Ulcers?
|
- Chronic gastritis due to H. pylori
- Gastric hyperacidity - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |
|
|
What pathological syndrome is associated with gastrinoma in the pancreas or upper GI that causes multiple gastric and duodenal ulcers.
|
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES)
|
|
|
What are the complications associated with peptic, gastric, and duodenal ulcers?
|
- Bleeding
- Perforation - Obstruction of duodenum or pyloric channel due to scarring - Intractable pain |
|
|
What is gastric atrophy?
|
Loss of gastric glands?
|
|
|
Autoimmune gastritis mainly involves which portion of the stomach?
|
Body of the stomach (autoimmune gastritis mainly involves the body of the stomach).
|
|
|
Why does loss of intrinsic factor occur in autoimmune gastritis?
|
Loss of intrinsic factor in autoimmune gastritis is due to immunological destruction of parietal cells.
|
|
|
What morphological findings are associated with autoimmune gastritis?
|
- Hypochorydia/achlorydia
- G cell hyperplasia - hypergastrinemia |
|
|
What pattern of H.pylori gastritis is associated with high acid production, elevated risk for duodenal ulcer, and lower IL-1beta production?
|
Predominately Antral Type of H.pylori gastritis
|
|
|
What pattern of H. pylori gastritis is associated with lower gastric acid secretion, higher risk for gastric adenocarcinoma, and higher IL-1beta production?
|
Pangastritis (Multifocal atrophic gastritis) Type of H. pylori (seen primarily in Japan).
|
|
|
What is IL-1beta?
|
Potent proinflammatory cytokine and a powerful gastric acid inhibitor, produced in response to H. pylori infection.
|
|
|
What is a Sister Mary Joseph nodule?
|
Metastasis of gastric carcinoma to periumbilical region to form subcutaneous nodules.
|
|
|
What is the most frequently ecnountered mesenchymal tumor of the GI tract?
|
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
|
|
|
What type of cells does a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) originate?
|
Intestinal cells of Cajal
|
|
|
How is a gastrointestinal stromal tumor pathologically defined?
|
GIST is pathologically defined by constitutive overexpression of tyrosine kinase receptor KIT (CD117).
|
|
|
What drug is very effective in treating GISTs with relatively little damage to normal cells?
|
Gleevec (imantinib mesylate) is a specific inhibitor of KIT kinase activation.
|
|
|
What small bowel pathology results in dark, reddish-brown and dilate small bowel as well as marked hyperemia of the small intestinal mucosa?
|
Ischemic enteritis
|
|
|
What is most common cause of ischemia?
|
Hypotension (Shock), from cardiac failure, marked blood loss, or loss of blood supply due to mechanical obstruction.
|
|
|
What is exudative diarrhea?
|
Refers to the presence of blood or pus (mucin) in the stool.
|
|
|
What are some common causes of exudative diarrhea?
|
- Shigella
- Samonella - Campylobacter - Entamoeba histolytica - IBD - Typhlitis |
|
|
What type of parasitic protozoans (i.e. flagellate) can cause a malabsorption diarrheal illness?
|
Giardia lamblia
|
|
|
What etiology is associated with Celiac sprue?
|
Hypersensitivity to gluten and its alcohol-soluble, water-insoluble component, gliadin.
|
|
|
What will be observable is the small bowel biopsy of a patient with Celiac sprue?
|
Cryptal hyperplasia and villous atrophy
|
|
|
What genetic factors are associated with Celiac sprue?
|
HLA Class II DQ2 and HLA Class II DQ8
|
|
|
What type of cancer has a 30x increased risk over normal when associated with serious long-term sequelae?
|
Primary Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma (If a patient presents with primary small bowel adenocarcinoma you need to assess them for Celiac disease)
|
|
|
What serological screening tests are most specific for Celiac disease?
|
IgA antitransglutaminase and IgA antiendomysial Abs
|
|
|
What are the key histological features associated with Celiac sprue?
|
- Marked Villous atrophy
- Cryptal hyperplasia - T cells at tips of the mucosal villi - Plasma cells in the lamina propria |
|
|
What will a PAS stain of a biopsy from an individual with Whipple's Disease show?
|
Positive granules with foamy macrophages
|
|
|
What is the difference biopsy from and individual who has Giardiasis as opposed to Celiac sprue?
|
Giardiasis biopsy will show villi with mixed inflammatory infiltrate as opposed to the plasmocytic infiltrate opposed in Celiac sprue.
|
|
|
What is the most common site of primary small intestinal carcinomas?
|
Ampulla of Vater (Primary small intestinal carcinomas are very rare but if the do occur the most common site is the Ampula of Vater).
|
|
|
What is the most common neoplasm of the small intestine?
|
Metastatic neoplasm, most commonly a metastasis from a primary tumor of the colon.
|
|
|
What is the most common acute abdominal condition that requires a surgeon?
|
Acute appendicitis
|
|
|
What histological finding is required for a definitive diagnosis of acute appendicitis?
|
Presence of neutrophils in the musularis propria.
|
|
|
What is dilated appendix filled with mucin?
|
Mucocele
|
|
|
What are the causes of mucocele?
|
- Obstruction
- Mucinous cystadenoma - Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma |
|
|
What is the most common mucinous neoplasm?
|
Mucinous cystadenoma
|
|
|
What mucinous neoplasm is an associated cause of psuedomyxoma peritonei?
|
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
|
What is the age of recommended first colonoscopy for individuals without increased risk?
|
50 years of age
|
|
|
In which portion of the colon is the greatest number of intraepithelial lymphocytes found?
|
Right Colon
|
|
|
What histopathological finding is associated with patients that abuse laxatives?
|
Melanosis pigmenti (because of the pigment in the macrophages)
|
|
|
What type of inflammatory cells are found in the lamina propria of the colon?
|
- Lymphocytes
- Plasma cells - Macrophages - Eosinophils |
|
|
Which type of inflammatory cells will be increased in Crohn's disease and IBD?
|
Eosinophils
|
|
|
What is the term for the unit that represent the largest lymphoid organ of the body?
|
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
|
|
|
Which geographic regions are associated with diverticulosis?
|
- North American
- Europe - Australia |
|
|
What X-ray findings will be associated with diverticulitis?
|
Narrow lumen with sawtooth serration
|
|
|
What iatrogenic pathology may mimic diverticulitis?
|
Perforation as a result of corticosteroid therapy may mimic diverticulitis.
|
|
|
What are the types of evidence of repair associated inflammatory disease of the bowel?
|
- Active regeneration of epithelial cells
- Metaplasia of Paneth cells, increased number of Paneth cells - Hyperplasia of endocrine |
|
|
In what type of GI pathology is there a strong immune response to normal flora?
|
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
|
|
|
What does Robbins state as the etiology behind IBD?
|
Unregulated and exaggered local immune response to commensal microbes in the gut, in genetically susceptible individuals
|
|
|
What is the cause of immune response in IBD?
|
T cell activation and/or not enough control by regulatory lymphocytes.
|
|
|
What is cryptitis?
|
Inflammatory cells within the epithelium (observed in Ulcerative Colitis)
|
|
|
What is a crypt abscess?
|
Neutrophilic exudate in glandular lumens (observed in Ulcerative Colitis)
|
|
|
What is cryptal distortion?
|
Crypts of unusual shapes and sizes (indicates chronicity and attempt of the crypts to heal)
|
|
|
Dysplasia associated with Ulcerative cclitis puts you at increased risk of developing which type of cancer?
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Toxic megacolon is most often associated with what type of Ulcerative colitis?
|
Severe of fulminant ulcerative colitis involving the entire colon (pancolitis)
|
|
|
Describe the gross appearance associated with Toxic Megacolon?
|
Marked colonic dilation and black-green discoloration.
|
|
|
What type of bowel infarction results in the dead bowel becoming leaky allowing bacteria to leak out and cause peritonitis?
|
Transmural infarction
|
|
|
What type of bowel infarction goes all through to the way to the muscularis propria?
|
Mural infarction
|
|
|
What type of bowel infarction is characterized by just death of the mucosa?
|
Mucosal infarction
|
|
|
What congenital GI anomaly represents an incomplete involution of the vittelo-intestinal duct that always arises from the antimesenteric border of the intestines?
|
Meckel's Diverticulum
|
|
|
What results from normal APC function?
|
Promotion of cell adhesion and regulation of cell proliferation
|
|
|
What results from loss of APC function?
|
Decreased cell adhesion and increased cell proliferation
|
|
|
What type RAS oncogene mutation is generally associated with colon cancers?
|
KRAS mutations
|
|
|
What genetic mutations are associated with Familial Polyposis Syndrome?
|
Mutations on the APC gene on chromosome 5q21
|
|
|
What type of polyp comprises the majority of the polyps associated with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis?
|
Tubular adenomas
|
|
|
What autosomal dominant condition is characterized by numerous adenomatous polyps along with osteomas and soft tissue tumors (epidermal cysts and fibromatosis)?
|
Gardner Syndrome
|
|
|
What autosomal dominant condition is associated with a higher frequency of duodenal and thyroid cancer?
|
Gardner Syndrome
|
|
|
What multiple polyposis syndrome is characterized by adenomatous polyps and tumors of the CNS?
|
Turcot Syndrome
|
|
|
What type of CNS tumor typically presents in 2/3 of Turcot Syndrome patients?
|
Medulloblastoma (2/3 of Turcot syndrome pts have a APC gene mutation)
|
|
|
What type of CNS tumor is associated with 1/3 of the Turcot syndrome patients?
|
Glioblastoma (Mutations in 1 of the genes associated with HNPCC).
|
|
|
What autosomal dominant familial syndrome is associated with mutations in DNA repair genes leading to microsatellite instability?
|
Heriditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC is associated with mutations in mismatch repaird genes MSH2 and MLH1)
|
|
|
Mutations in which mismatch repair genes is associated with 30% of HNPCC cases?
|
MLH1 and MSH2
|
|
|
Patients with HNPCC have an increased risk of which types of cancer?
|
- Colorectal cancer & Extraintestinal cancer (cancer of the endometrium)
|
|
|
What colonic polyposis syndrome is associated with harmatomatous polyps and melanotic accumulations (melanin spots) on the lips and buccal mucosa?
|
Peutz-Jeghers Syndome
|
|
|
Patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome have an increase propensity of developing what type of cancers?
|
Adenocarcinoma of the colon and malignancy at other sites such as the stomach, breast, or ovaries.
|
|
|
What autosomal dominant mutation is associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?
|
STK11 gene mutation
|
|
|
Which adenomatous polyps have the highest potential for malignancy?
|
Villous adenomas
|
|
|
What colonic polyposis syndrome is characterized by multiple GI and mucocutaneous hamartomas?
|
Cowden syndrome
|
|
|
What germline mutation is associated with Cowden syndrome?
|
Germline mutations in PTEN
|
|
|
What colonic polyposis syndrome is characterized by intestinal hamartomatous polyposis and ectodermal abnormalities?
|
Cronkhite-Canada syndrome
|
|
|
What are hemorrhoids?
|
Variceal dilations of anal and perianal venous plexuses.
|
|
|
What are the complications associated with diverticular disease?
|
- Diverticulitis
- Pericolic abscess - Sinus tract - Pelvic or generalized peritonitis |
|
|
What disease is associated with flask-shaped lesions with no muscle around it?
|
Diverticular disease
|
|
|
What are the three types of neoplastic colonic polyps?
|
- Tubular adenoma
- Tubulovillous adenoma - Villous adenoma |
|
|
Which type of neoplastic colonic polyp looks like a cauliflower?
|
Villous adenoma
|
|
|
Which non-neoplastic polyp is the most common type of polyp?
|
Hyperplastic polyp (most common in the rectosigmoid colon)
|
|
|
What is the peak incidence associated with a juvenile polyp?
|
4-5 yrs of age
|
|
|
Which non-neoplastic polyp is characterized as epithelium on an aborizing framework of smooth muscle?
|
Peutz-Jegher polyp
|
|
|
Which non-neoplastic polyp is associated with Ulcerative colitis and other inflammatory disease of the colon?
|
Inflammatory pseudopolyp (consists of granulation tissue and residual and regenerating mucosa).
|
|
|
Which non-neoplastic polyp is most commonly found in the rectal mucosa and may be a reaction to local irritation?
|
Lymphoid polyp (often contain germinal centers)
|
|
|
What is the growth pattern associated with neoplasms or polyps in the right colon?
|
Polypoid or fungating mass (typically cause anemia and weakness)
|
|
|
What is the growth pattern associated with neoplasms or polyps in the left colon?
|
Annular encircling lesion (typically cause a change in bowel movements and stool).
|
|
|
What is atresia?
|
Absence of a normal opening or failure of a structure to be tubular.
|
|
|
What are some possible etiologies associated with acquired pyloric stenosis?
|
- Long-standing antral gastris
- Peptic Ulcers - Carcinoma - Malignant lymphoma |
|
|
What is the treatment for Hirschsprung disease?
|
Resection of aganglionic segment of bowel.
|
|
|
Which variant of Hirschsprung disease accounts for a majority of the cases?
|
Short Segment Variant of Hirschsprung disease
|
|
|
Which variant of Hirschsprung disease is more common in male infants?
|
Short Segment Variant of Hirschsprung disease
|
|
|
What genetic mutation is associated with Short Segment Variant of Hirschsprung disease?
|
Mutations in the RET gene that inactivate the kinase activity of this receptor.
|
|
|
What variant of Hirschsprung disease is more common in females?
|
Long-Segment Variant of Hirschsprung disease
|
|
|
What genetic mutation is associated with Long-Segment Variant of Hirschsprung disease?
|
Mutations in endothelin/endothelin-receptor system
|
|
|
What are the cause of acquired megacolon in adults?
|
- Chagas disease (Infection with Trypansoma cruzi)
- Colonic obstruction by neoplasm or inflammatory stricture - Toxic megacolon - Functional pyschosomatic disorder |
|
|
What is the major etiology associated with diaphragmatic hernia?
|
Defective closure of diaphragmatic angle.
|
|
|
What genetic mutation is associated with Short Segment Variant of Hirschsprung disease?
|
Mutations in the RET gene that inactivate the kinase activity of this receptor.
|
|
|
What variant of Hirschsprung disease is more common in females?
|
Long-Segment Variant of Hirschsprung disease
|
|
|
What genetic mutation is associated with Long-Segment Variant of Hirschsprung disease?
|
Mutations in endothelin/endothelin-receptor system
|
|
|
What are the cause of acquired megacolon in adults?
|
- Chagas disease (Infection with Trypansoma cruzi)
- Colonic obstruction by neoplasm or inflammatory stricture - Toxic megacolon - Functional pyschosomatic disorder |
|
|
What is the major etiology associated with diaphragmatic hernia?
|
Defective closure of diaphragmatic angle.
|
|
|
What pathology that results in right-sided abdominal pain is often secondary to enterocolitis is caused by Yersinia species or a virus?
|
Mesenteric lymphadenitis
|
|
|
What is Mittelschmerz?
|
Pain caused by bleeding during ovulation, blood is an irritant to the peritoneal cavity.
|
|
|
What was the one primary peritoneal tumor mentioned in lecture?
|
Mesothelioma (Often related to asbestos exposure).
|
|
|
What are the common histological features associated with esophagitis?
|
- Acute inflammation
- Superficial necrosis - Ulceration - Granulation tissue formation - Fibrosis |
|
|
What type of etiological agent that causes infectious esophagitis is associated with shallow, "punched-out" ulcers?
|
HSV-1 (Herpetic infection)
|
|
|
What type of etiological agenet that causes infectious esophagitis is associated with multiple well-circumscribed ulcers?
|
CMV
|
|
|
What must be observed histologically to identify Candida esophagits?
|
Pseudohyphae (Must observe pseudohyphae not just budding yeasts)
|
|
|
Punctate erosions are associated with what GI pathology?
|
Acute gastritis
|
|
|
What is the second most common cause of pediatric diarrhea?
|
Adenovirus
|
|
|
Intercrypt necrosis and ballooned crypts is associated with which type of colitis?
|
C. difficile colitis (Intercrypt necrosis and ballooned crypts give rise to laminated pseudomembrane composed of fibrin, mucin, and neutrophils).
|
|
|
What strain of E. coli is the most common strain of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?
|
E. coli O157:H7
|
|
|
What complications are associated with E. coli O157:H7?
|
- Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |
|
|
What characterizes Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?
|
- Hemolytic anemia
- Acute Renal Failure - Thrombocytopenia |
