Gi Hormones

Front 1

Gastrin
source

Back 1

G cells
Antrum of stomach
also found in duodenum and jejunal mucosa

Front 2

Gastrin
Action

Back 2

increase pancreatic secretion
increase gall bladder contraction
decrease gastric emptying

Front 3

Gastrin Regulation

Back 3

INcreased by stomach distention, AA(phenylalanine and tryptophan are potent stimulators), peptides, vagal stimulation
Decreased by stomach pH <1.5

Front 4

Gastrin
Relation to ZES

Back 4

Increased in ZES

Front 5

CCK
source

Back 5

I cells
Duodenum
Jejunum

Front 6

CCK
Action

Back 6

Increase pancreatic secretion
Increase Gall bladder contraction
Decrease gastric emptying

Front 7

CCK
Regulation

Back 7

Increased by fatty acids, AA

Front 8

CCK
cholelithiasis

Back 8

In cholethiasis, pain worsens after a fatty food ingestion due to increased CCK secretion

Front 9

Secretin
Source

Back 9

S cells
Duodenum

Front 10

Secretin
Action

Back 10

Increase pancreatic HCO3- secretion
Decrease gastric acid secretion
Increase bile secretion

Front 11

Secretin
Regulation

Back 11

Increase by acid, FA in lumen of duodenum

Front 12

Secretin
importance of HCO3-

Back 12

Increased HCO3- neutralizes gastric acid in duodenum and allows pancreatic enzymes to function

Front 13

Somatostatin
Source

Back 13

D cells
Pancreatic islets and GI mucosa

Front 14

Somatostatin
Action

Back 14

Decrease gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretion
Decrease fluid secretion by pancreas and small intestine
Decrease gall bladder contraction
Decrease insulin and glucagon release

Front 15

Somatostatin
Regulation

Back 15

Increased by acid
Decreased by vagal stimulation

Front 16

Somatostatin
func in tx

Back 16

inhibitory enzyme
antigrowth hormone(digestion and absorption of substances needed to grow)
Used to treat VIPoma and carcinoid tumors

Front 17

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
Source

Back 17

K cells
Duodenum and Jejunum

Front 18

GIP
Action

Back 18

Exocrine: decrease H+ secretion
Endocrine: Increase Insulin Release

Front 19

GIP
Regulation

Back 19

Increased by fatty acids, AA, oral glucose

Front 20

GIP: significance of admin of oral glucose

Back 20

An oral glucose load is used more rapidly then the equivalent given by IV. IV dose not stimulate VIP.

Front 21

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
Source

Back 21

Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gall bladder and small intestine

Front 22

VIP
action

Back 22

Increase intestinal water and electrolyte secretion
Increase relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters

Front 23

VIP
regulation

Back 23

increased by distention of stomach and vagal stimulation
Decreased by adrenergic input

Front 24

VIP
VIPoma

Back 24

VIPoma: non-alpha, non-beta cell pancreatic tumor that secretes VIP. Copious diarrhea.

Front 25

Nitrous Oxide
Action

Back 25

Increase smooth muscle relaxation, including lower esophageal sphincter
Loss of NO secretion implicated in increase of lower esophageal tone of achalasia.

Front 26

Motilin
Source

Back 26

small intestine

Front 27

Motilin
Action

Back 27

produce migrating motor complexes MMCs
MMCs: peristaltic waves of contraction that begin in the stomach and slowly migrate along entire small intestine to colon, function is maintain low bacterial counts in upper intestine.

Front 28

Motilin
Regulation

Back 28

increased in fasting state.

Front 29

Intrinsic factor
Source

Back 29

parietal cells
stomach

Front 30

IF
action

Back 30

vitamin B12 binding protein(required for vitamin B12 uptake in terminal ileum)

Front 31

Absence of IF

Back 31

auto-immune destruction of parietal cells: leads to chronic gastritis and pernicious anemia

Front 32

Gastric Acid
Source

Back 32

parietal cells
stomach

Front 33

Gastric Acid
Action

Back 33

Decrease stomach pH

Front 34

Gastric Acid
Regulation

Back 34

Increased by: Histamines, Ach, Gastrin
Decreased by: Somatostatin, GIP, Prostaglandins, Secretion

Front 35

Gastric Acid
Gastrinoma

Back 35

gastrin secreting tumors that causes continuous high levels of acid secretion and ulcers

Front 36

Pepsin
Source

Back 36

Chief cells
stomach

Front 37

Pepsin
Action

Back 37

Protein Digestion

Front 38

Pepsin
Regulation

Back 38

Increased by vagal stimulation, local acid

Front 39

Pepsin activation

Back 39

Inactive pepsinogen to pepsin by H+

Front 40

HCO3-
source

Back 40

Mucosal cells
Stomach, Duodenum

Front 41

HCO3-
Action

Back 41

Neutralizes acid
Prevents autodigestion

Front 42

HCO3-
Regulation

Back 42

Increased by secretin

Front 43

HCO3-
func in gastric epithelium

Back 43

HCO3- is trapped in mucus that covers gastric epithelium