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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Consists of a long tube in the body where ingested foods and fluids are processed for absorption of nutrients.
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Anatomy and Physiology of GI System
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Upper GI system Includes what 3 organs?
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1. Mouth
2. Esophagus 3. Stomach |
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Lower GI system includes what 3 organs?
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1. Small intestine
2. Large intestine 3. Rectum |
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What does GERD stand for?
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Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease
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When reflux of stomach acid goes back into esophagus.
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Action of GERD
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What causes GERD?
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The inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to close.
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What is a risk of GERD?
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May lead to esophageal cancer.
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What does PUD stand for?
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Peptic Ulcer Disease
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Occurs when the normal balance between the factors which protect the mucosa of the stomach and those which promote mucosal injury are disturbed.
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PUD
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What are three causes of PUD?
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1. Genetic component
2. Histamine is released from injured cells which aggravates the secretion of hydrochloric acid. 3. Prolonged hyperacidity causes gastric acid to penetrate the mucosal layer of the stomach. |
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Action of Acid Neutralizers
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decreases pH of stomach acids
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3 types of stomach acids
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1. Aluminum carbonate
2. Calcium carbonate 3. Magnesium hydroxide |
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Uses of Acid Neutralizers (Know 4)
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1. heartburn
2. indigestion 3. GERD 4. PUD |
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Adverse Reactions for Acid Neutralizers (Know 3)
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1. Constipation
2. Diarrhea 3. Electrolyte disturbances |
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Acid Neutralizers are also known as what?
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Antacids
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Acid Reducing Agents are used mainly for what?
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GERD and PUD
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What is the first type of action of Acid Reducing Agents?
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Histamine H2 Antagonists
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Inhibits the action of histamine, which reduces the secretion of gastric acid.
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Histamine H2 Antagonists
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What are 3 types of Histamine H2 Antagonists "Acid Reducing Agents"
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1. Tagamet, cimetidine
2. Pepcid, famotidine 3. Zantac, ranitidine |
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What are the adverse effects for Acid Reducing Agents that act with Histamine H2 Antagonists?
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rare - dizziness and headaches
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What is the Second Action for Acid Reducing Agents?
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Proton Pump Inhibitors
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Supresses gastric acid secretion by blocking the final step in production of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.
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Proton Pump Inhibitors
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3 drugs that are considered Proton Pump Inhibitors - Acid Reducing Agents
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1. Prilosec, omeprazole
2. Nexium, esomeprazole magnesium 3. Protonix, pantoprazole sodium |
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Adverse Effects for Proton Pump Inhibitors - Acid Reducing Agents (Know 4)
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1. Headache
2. Nausea 3. Diarrhea 4. Abdominal Pain |
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What type of drug reduces gastric motility and reduce the amount of acid secreted by the stomach.
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Anticholinergic Drugs
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Name 2 Anticholinergic Drugs
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1. Robinul, glycopyrrolate
2. Atropine |
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What type of drug binds with protein to form a protective substance in stomach?
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Pepsin Inhibitor - Acid Reducing Drug
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Name 1 type of Pepsin Inhibitor Drug
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1. Carafate, sucralfate
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What type of drug is used to reduce the risk of NSAID - induced gastric ulcers in critically ill patients?
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Prostaglanadine Drug - Acid Reducing Drug
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What class are Anticholinergic Drugs, Pepsin Inhibitor Drugs and Prostaglanadine Drugs under?
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Acid Reducing Drugs
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Name 1 type of Prostaglanadine Drug
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1. Cytotec
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What increases gastric motility without increasing gastric secretions?
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Gastrointestinal Stimulants
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What are Gastrointestinal Stimulants used for? Name 4 USES
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1. GERD
2. Gastric Stasis 3. Nausea 4. Anorexia 5. Gastric ileus |
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Tremor, involuntary movements of the limbs and muscle rigidity are signs of what?
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Extrapyrimidal Symptoms
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Adverse Effects for Gastrointestinal Stimulants
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Higher doses or prolongest administration can produce CNS effects
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Name 1 Gastrointestinal Stimulant
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Reglan, metoclopramide
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Inhibit the stimulation of the CTZ in brain that sends signals to the vomiting center in the medulla.
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Antiemetics
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What is CTZ?
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Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone
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What is used to prevent or control nausea and vomiting from any cause?
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Antiemetics
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What works with neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine?
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Antiemetics
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Name 2 types of Antiemetics
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1. Phenergan, promethazine
2. Compazine, prochlorperazine HCl |
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What is the best route of administration when giving Antiemetics?
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IV, IM, and PR are best. Anything but PO
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What are newer Antiemetics called?
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5-HT3 receptor antagonists
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What targets serotonin receptors both at CTZ and at nerve endings in stomach?
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5-HT3 receptor antagonists - Newer type of antiemetics
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Name 2 5-HT3 receptor antagonists
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1. Zofran, ondansetron
2. Anzemet, dolasetron mesylate |
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2 Routes of Administration when giving 5-HT3 receptor antagonists
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PO and IV
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Adverse Effects for Antiemetics
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have fewer non-GI symptoms like drowsiness and sedation
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What is used to induce vomiting in cases of poisoning?
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Emetics:Syrup of Ipecac
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What is the contraindication for Emetics?Name 2.
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1. When caustic material like lye, petroleum, paint thinner are ingested
2. When patient is unconscious. |
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What are 2 types of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
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1. Crohns Disease
2. Ulcerative Colitis |
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A chronic illness characterized by exacerbations and remissions.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
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Ab. Pain, distention, anorexia, diarrhea, wt loss, dehydration and bloody stools are symptoms of what?
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IBD
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What medication is best given for IBD?
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Aminosalicylates
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What are Aminosalicylates?
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aspirin like compounds with topical anti-inflammatory action in the bowel.
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Name 1 example of aminosalicylates
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Asacol, mesalamine
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Side Effects for Aminosalicylates
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GI symptoms like ab. pain, nausea, and diarrhea
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Drugs that decrease intestinal peristalsis and have opoid effects.
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Anti-Diarrheals (Type 1)
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Drugs that act directly on the muscle wall of bowel to slow motility and have non-opoid effects.
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Anti-Diarrheals (Type 2)
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OTC's like Kaopectale and Pepto Bismal are what?
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Anti-Diarrheals Type 3
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Type 1 Anti-diarrheals Know 1
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Lomotil, dephenoxylate
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Type 2 Anti-diarrheals Know 1
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Immodium, ioperamide
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Contraindications of Anti-diarrheals
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Diarrhea associated with organisms that can cause intestinal mucosa like E.colo and C difficile.
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Drug that helps body release gas by belching or flatus.
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Anti-flatulents
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Name 2 examples of Anti-flatulents
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1. Mylicone, simethicone
2. Charcoal |
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What are the uses for Anti-flatulents?Know 4 Uses.
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1. postoperative gas distention
2. dyspepsia 3. peptic ulcer disease 4. IBS |
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What are laxatives used for?
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prevent constipation
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How many mechanism of actions are there for laxatives?
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4
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Type 1 MOA for laxative
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Stimulants
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Increases peristalsis or attract water to bowels.
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Stimulant Laxatives
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Name 2 Types of Stimulant Laxatives
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1. Senokot, senna
2. Milk of Magnesia, magnesium hydroxide |
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Name Type 2 of Laxatives
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Stool Softeners
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add water to the content of stool for prevention of strain during defacation.
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Stool Softener Laxatives
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Name 1 type of Stool Softener Laxative
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Colace, docusate calcium
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Name Type 3 of Laxatives
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Fiber laxatives
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Add fiber to stool which increases the bulk and water.
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Fiber Laxatives
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Name 2 types of Fiber laxatives
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1. Metamucil, psyllium
2. Fibercon |
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Name Type 4 of Laxatives
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Emollient Laxatives
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Lubricate intestinal walls and facilitate the passage of stool.
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Emollient Laxatives
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Name a type of Emollient Laxative
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Mineral Oil
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Adverse Effects of Laxatives. Name 7.
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Diarrhea
Loss of Water and Electrolytes Ab. Pain N&V Fainting Weakness Dependence |
