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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What develops from the paraxial mesoderm |
Dermis Axial skeleton - except cranium All skeletal muscle (from hypomere and epimere) Connective tissue |
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What develops from the intermediate mesoderm |
Gonads, urinary tract including kidneys, ducts, accessory glands |
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What develops from the lateral plate mesoderm |
Serous membranes - pericardium, pleura, visceral and parietal peritoneum Heart Smooth muscle/muscle of organs Blood and lymphatic vessels/cells Spleen Cortex of adrenal gland |
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What develops from the endoderm |
Epithelium Lining of GIT, bladder, lungs, bronchi, trachea, pharynx, thyroid, tympanic cavity, pharyngotympanic tube, tonsils, parathyroid glands, liver, pancreas, urachus |
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What are the two divisions fo the ectoderm |
Surface ectoderm Neuroectoderm |
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What are the two divisions of the neuroectoderm |
Neural crest Neural tube |
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What does the surface ectoderm develop into |
Lens Anterior pituitary Skin, hair, nails Internal ear Mamillary glands Enamel of teeth |
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What develops from the neural crest |
Pharyngeal arches Peripheral nervous system Connective tissue Facial muscles Pigment cells Bulbar and conal ridges in heart Medulla of adrenal gland |
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What develops from the neural tube |
CNS Pineal body Retina Posterior pituitary gland |
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What forms the nucleus pulposis of the intervertebral discs |
notochord |
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What are the three layers of the neural tube |
Ventricular layer Intermediate or mantle Marginal |
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What function does the ventricular layer perform |
Some cells remain as ependymal cells/lining of ventricle/choroid plexus Some cells become neurons Some cells become glioblasts |
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What is contained in the intermediate layer |
Glioblasts and neurons |
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What is contained in the marginal layer |
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, axons |
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Which layer becomes the grey matter of the spinal cord? |
the mantle layer |
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Which layer becomes the white matter of the spinal cord? |
the marginal layer |
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Why is the grey and white matter inverted in the cerebral cortex? |
Reelin is secreted by Cahal-Retzius cells in the mantle layer which causes the neuron cell bodies to migrate to the marginal layer, leaving their axons in the mantle layer Hence the inversion of grey and white matter |
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Which condition is caused by failure of the Cajal-Retzius cells to secrete reelin? What are the features of this condition |
Lissencephaly No gyri or sulci neuron cells in the ventricular layer seizures, low muscle tone/quadriplegia, retardation |
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From which somite does the spinal cord develop and in which direction does it continue to develop? |
Fifth somite, develops caudally |
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What are the alar and basal plates? |
Both from mantle layer Alar - dorsally located, receives incoming information Basal - anteriorly located, sends outgoing information |
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From where do the peripheral nerves develop? How do they connect to the spinal cord |
From the neural crests Bodies in peripheral ganglia, axons grow into spinal cord |
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In the CNS, which cells are responsible for myelination? How many axons do they myelinate? When and for how long does this developmental process occur? |
Oligodendrocytes Starts in the third trimester, continues until two years old. Each myelinates up to 50 axons |
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From where and which days do the meninges develop? |
Neural crests from days 20 to 35
Pia adheres to ependymal cells Pia and arachnoid are leptomeninges |
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For how many weeks are the vertebral column and the spinal cord the same length? At birth, which spinal level does the spinal cord end at? Ultimately in adulthood, where does the spinal cord generally end? |
First 8 weeks L3 L1 |
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What are the first three divisions of the of the neural tube that will become the brain? |
Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon |
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What two divisions does the prosencephalon develop into? |
Telencephalon Diencephalon |
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What do the telencephalon and diencephalon become |
Cerebral cortex and thalamus Lateral and third ventricles |
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What does the mesencephalon remain as |
Mesencephalon |
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What does the mesencephalon become |
Midbrain, cerebral aqueduct |
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What does the rhombencephalon become |
Metencephalon Myelencephalon |
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What do the metencephalon and myelencephalon develop into |
met: pons and cerebellum myel: medullu upper and lower parts of the fourth ventricle |
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Which two flexures develop in the fifth week? Which flexure develops as a result of this and what are the implications? |
Cervical (between spinal cord and medulla) Cephalic (level of mesencephalon) Unequal growth between the two flexures results in the pontine flexure Result is the cross sectional layout of the pons which is does not have alar and basal plates - instead sensory and motor input and output are lined up in a row There is a thin roof of the fourth ventricle (essentially due to overstretching of what could be considered the central canal) |
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What are the three initial divisions of the cerebellum and what do they become |
paleocerebellum --> anterior lobe neocerebellum --> posterior lobe archicerebellum --> flocculonodular lobe |
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What are the three layers of the cerebellum gray matter from superficial to deep? |
molecular Purkinje/ganglion granular |
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What do the alar and basal plates develop into in the mesencephalon |
Alar - colliculi Basal - cranial nerve nuclei III, IV, EW |
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Along with the thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamic nuclei, which sensory organ develops from the diencephalon Which gland develops from the diencephalon |
The retina and optic nerve Neurohypophysis - posterior pituitary gland |
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What is the outpouching of the pharyngeal roof (oral ectoderm) that forms the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland) called? |
Rathke's pouch |
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In which week does the connecting stalk between the adenohypophysis and the pharyngeal roof degrade? |
Week 6 |
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Which sensory organ develops from the telencephalon |
Olfactory bulb |
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What are some causes of microcephaly |
zika virus, teratogens, genetics, trisomies |
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What are some causes of hydrocephaly |
trauma, tumour, haemorrhage, genetic, infection |
