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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is metamorphism? What are the agents that change rocks? |
The change in texture or mineral composition of a rock, due to temperature, pressure, or hydrothermal fluids. |
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What is foliation? Distinguish between slaty cleavage and schistosity |
Parallel alignment of minerals. |
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Compare and contrast: Slate and Phyllite |
both are from regional metamorphism of shale and mudstone. slate: lower temp, grains too small to see (dull) phyllite: higher temp, grains usually visible, gives off a brighter sheen surface |
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Hard, non-foliated rock resulting from contact metamorphism: |
Hornfels |
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Metamorphism begins when... |
- temperature > 200deg Celcius - pressure > 200 MPa |
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Contact metamorphism |
occurs only in the aureole of a magma intrusion -recrystallization -low deformation -low uniform stress |
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Contact metamorphism creates rock that are: |
-fine grained -dense & hard -non-foliated quartzite and marble |
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Regional metamorphism |
very deep, occurs during mtn building(convg) -recrystallization -differential stress -high deformation -occurs over large areas (10,000km^2 +) |
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Regional metamorphism creates rock that are: |
-fine to coarse grained -dense and hard -strongly foliated slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss |
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Slate |
-foliated -fine grained -shale/mudstone -dull |
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Phyllite |
-foliated -fine grained -shale/mudstone -bright sheen reflecting |
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Schist |
-foliated -visible grains (mica & chlorite) -shale/granitic/volcanic rocks |
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Gneiss |
-foliated -coarse grained -shale/granitic/volcanic rocks |
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Marble |
-non-foliated -fine calcite grains -limestone |
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Quartzite |
-non-foliated -fine quartz grains -quartz/sandstone |
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Metaconglomerate |
-foliated (regional) -fine and coarse grains -conglomerate |
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Migmatite |
-extreme grade metamorphism -light coloured silicates melt (quartz/feld) -mafic silicates stay solid (amphibole/biotite) -cools -creates light/dark bands of igneous and meta |
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Feldspar weathers into... |
clay...shale...slate...phyllite... |
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Sediments are deposited into: |
-deltas -glacial moraines -dunes -beaches |
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Sediment is lithified by: |
compaction and cementation |
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The 3 detritus rocks are... |
conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. |
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Examples of chemical sedimentary rocks: |
-rock salt (halite) -limestone -chert -gypsum |
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The 3 different rocks made from micro-crystalline silica: |
CHERT: - agate - jasper - flint |
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3 inorganic processes which cause precipitation: |
- evaporation - temp change - chemical activity |
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What is the most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks? |
Stratification layers or beds |
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Cross bedding means... |
Sand dunes or stream deposits |
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Ripple marks mean... |
Currents of air & water, or back and fourth of waves. |
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Mud cracks mean... |
Alternating wet & dry conditions (desert basins/shallow lakes) |
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Define lamination: |
accumulation of thin layer of silt and clay |
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Why is quartz and feldspar so common? |
Quartz: durable, resistant feldspar: weathered and eroded easily, common in soil |
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What is the primary basis for distinguishing among various detrital sedimentary rocks? |
Particle Size shale->mudstone->siltstone->sandstone->conglo clay->mud->silt->sand->pebble-cobble-boulder |
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disseminated deposit |
an economic mineral deposit where the desired mineral is in scattered particles in rock, yet enough to make deposit an ore. |
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placer |
deposit formed when heavy minerals are mechanically concentrated by currents (streams&waves) gold, tin, platinum,diamonds… |
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tailings |
the waste after an ore has been processed. |
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what is a fossil fuel? what are the 5 different fuels? |
any hydrocarbon that may be used as a fuel.. (coal, oil, natural gas, bitumen, & shale oil) |
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the petroleum cycle |
- marine plants and animals are buried quickly - transformed bio-matter into gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons - mud-rich layers -> permeable beds (migrates) |
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Two types of hydrothermal solution deposits |
vein & disseminated |
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Define pegmatites, they are formed by? |
rocks composed of unusually large crystals, due to magmatic segregation |
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The most common minerals for contact and regional metamorphism? |
contact(met): sphalerite (zinc), galena (lead), chalcopyrite (copper), bornite (copper), magnetite (iron) regional(non-met): talc, graphite |
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Artesian |
Any situation when pressurized ground water rises above the aquifer. |
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The 5 mineral characteristics: |
- naturally occurring - inorganic - solid - crystalline structure - definite chemical composition |
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Mineraloids |
shapeless, inorganic, lacking crystal structure |
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Most abundant elements on the Earth? |
Oxygen and Sillicon which forms the "silica tetrahedron" |
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Examples of different Silicate structures: formula? |
single tetrahedron: olivine chains: pyroxene & amphibole sheets: micas 3D framework: quartz & feldspar SiO4 |
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Sulphides: |
contains sulphur (S) & ores ex) pyrite, galena |
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Sulphates: |
contains SO4 ex) gypsum |
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Halides: |
contains a halogen (F,Cl....) ex) halite |
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Oxides: |
contains oxygen ex) hematite |
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Carbonates: |
contains CO3 ex) calcite |
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Phosphates: |
contains PO4 ex) apatite |
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polymorph: |
same chemical composition, different crystalline structures. ex) graphite & diamonds |
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What are the 7 mineral identification properties? |
- crystal form - cleavage/fracture - lustre (metallic,vitreous,earthy,pearly) - colour - streak - hardness - acid |
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Special property minerals: - reacts to acid? - fluoresce - sulphur smell |
- calcite - fluorite - sphalerite |
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Igneous textures: - phaneritic - aphanitic - vesicular - glassy - pyroclastic - porphyritic |
phaneritic: coarse grained aphanitic: fine grained vesicular: bubbles glassy: smooth (no xtals) pyroclastic: ejected material porphyritic: big crystals in small |
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Igneous Plutons: |
Sill: parallel (concordant) Dike: cut-across (discordant) Laccolith: chubby sill Neck: solidified volcanic tube Batholith: irregular, largest (mtn ranges) Stock: small batholith Xenolith: rock piece foreign to country rock |
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3 factors which affect magma cooling rate: |
- pressure / depth (cools slower deeper) - dissolved gasses (lower melting point) - mixture of two or more minerals |
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fractional crystallization: |
when early xtals are removed. heavier ones sink = crystal settling |
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magmatic differentiation: |
more than one rock type from a common magma. |
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ADD SEDIMENTARY,GROUNDWATER,AND RUNNING WATER FOR FINAL |
... |
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Catastrophism: |
James Ussher (1600’s) Catastrophe happens and forms amountain. created in 4004 BC (THEOLOGY) |
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Uniformitarianism: |
James Hutton (1700’s) Processes which happen today, happenedin the past. Must be older because processes are slow. “Thepresent is the key to the past.” |
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What percent of earths water is in the oceans? |
71% |
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What are the 4 layers of the earth? |
1) inner core: solid NiFe (1200km) 2) outer core: liquid NiFe (2200km) 3) mantle: plastic-like (2800km) Al,Si,O,Mg,Fe 4) crust: solid rock (5-60km) |
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Weathering & Erosion |
Weathering: breakup of rock Erosion: removal and transport |
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4 examples of mechanical weathering: |
- ice wedging - root wedging - wet and dry - exfoliation |
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3 examples of chemical weathering: |
- hydrolysis (water) - oxidization (oxygen) - carbonic acid (acid rain) |
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The rate of weathering depends on 3 factors: |
- surface area - rock type - climate |
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Which climates favour mechanical weathering, and which favourchemical? |
chemical: warm & wet mechanical: cold & dry |
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How do glaciers form? |
When snow accumulates in fields or basins, compresses andrecrystallizes into dense ice called a “firn” |
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What are the two types of glaciers? |
Valley: mountains above the snow-line (rockies, alps) Continental: large, moving outward (antarctica, greenland) |
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What are the 4 types of Moraines? |
medial: middle lateral: sides terminal: end recessional: receding |
