Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Who was the first to explain the mechanism by which most earthquakes are generated |
H f Reed |
|
|
Slippage that causes a deformed Rock to return to a stress-free position |
Elastic rebound |
|
|
For the difference between primary secondary and surface waves |
Primary waves push and pull, secondary waves Shake, and surface waves cause Earth's surface to move or anything on it |
|
|
Which type of seismic waves tend to cause the greatest destruction to buildings |
Surface |
|
|
Why is the magnitude scale favored over the intensity scale when referring to earthquakes |
It can measure from geological field work by the amount of slippage on the fault |
|
|
1 intensity of shaking, 2 duration of the vibrations, 3 material building is constructed of, and 4 regional construction |
Four factors that affect the amount of Destruction that seismic vibrations cause |
|
|
What other types of destruction are associated with earthquakes |
Landslides fire and tsunamis |
|
|
What is a tsunami |
Massive ******* wave generated from a slab of seafloor being displaced |
|
|
Where's the greatest amount of seismic activity occur |
Plate boundaries |
|
|
Naturally occurring, have a crystal structure, be in organic, solid and have a definite chemical composition |
Five characteristics an earth material must have in order to be considered a mineral |
|
|
Difference between ionic and covalent bonds |
And ionic bond is formed between a metal and a nonmetal while a covalent bond is formed between two nonmetals into a solid liquid or gas |
|
|
The way light interacts with the surface of a crystal, rock or metal |
Luster |
|
|
Why is color not always a useful property in Mineral identification |
They often have a variety of colors as well as shared colors |
|
|
What differentiates cleavage from fracture |
Cleavage occurs along planes of a weak chemical bond a fracture occurs when a mineral has chemical bonds of equal strength causing irregular structures |
|
|
What simple chemical test is use full in the identification of the mineral calcite |
Hydrochloric acid |
|
|
What is one main distinction between light and dark silicates |
Light sockets have more potassium, sodium, and aluminum dark silicates have more iron and magnesium |
|
|
Three types of differential stress |
Compressional, tensional, and shear |
|
|
How is strain different from stress |
Strain results in deformation Stress is the force that acts to deform the bodies |
|
|
Elastic deformation |
Changes that are recoverable |
|
|
Temperature, confining pressure, influence of rock type, and time affect |
Rock strength |
|
|
Name the two broad subdivisions of geology |
Physical and historical |
|
|
What are three geological hazards |
Earthquakes volcanic eruptions forest fires |
|
|
Believes the Earth was shaped by sudden events while |
Catastrophism |
|
|
Shape slowly from erosion |
Uniformitarianism |
|
|
Lithosphere |
Consists of land |
|
|
Hydrosphere |
Consist of water |
|
|
Biosphere |
Consists of living things |
|
|
Atmosphere |
The air |
|
|
Three examples of a system |
The Earth system, solar system, and the weather system |
|
|
What are the two sources of energy for the Earth system |
Sun as well as the heat from the Earth's interior |
|
|
The three basic rock types |
Sedimentary metamorphic and igneous |
|
|
Three compositionally distinct layers of Earth's interior |
Strong Rocky crust, hot pressurized mantle, an iron-rich core with a liquid outer core and a solid inner core |
|
|
What characteristic of seismic waves makes them useful for probing Earth's interior |
The velocity and directions of seismic waves accurately show different materials in the Earth |
|
|
Refracted waves |
Pass-through |
|
|
How do continental crust and oceanic crust differ |
Oceanic crust is thinner but more dense than continental crust |
|
|
What is the moho |
The boundary between the crust and the mantle |
|
|
How is heat transferred inside Earth |
Convection currents |
|
|
What are the seven largest lithospheric plates |
North America, South America, Pacific, Africa, Eurasian, Australian Indian, and Antarctic |
|
|
Divergent plate boundaries |
Plates move apart |
|
|
Convergent boundaries |
Two plates move together |
|
|
Transform fault boundaries |
Two plates grind past each other |
|
|
What is the average rate of seafloor spreading in modern oceans |
5 centimeters per year |
