Geology Final

Front 1

A fall

Back 1

A mass separates from a steeply sloping surface and rapidly moves down slope by free fall

Front 2

A topple

Back 2

Rotational movement that occurs as a block of material pivots forward about a fixed point near the base of the block

Front 3

Slides

Back 3

Shearing displacement between two masses of material along a surface or within a thin zone of failure

Front 4

Flows

Back 4

Thoroughly deformed internally during movement

Front 5

Slump

Back 5

Curved or circular slide

Front 6

Slump scarp

Back 6

Exposed upper part of the failure plane

Front 7

Translational slide

Back 7

Planar failure surface

Front 8

Colluvium

Back 8

Mixture of residual and transported soil slowly moving down slope under the influence of gravity

Front 9

Lateral spread

Back 9

Slow-to-rapid lateral extensional movements of rock or soil masses

Front 10

Creep

Back 10

When flow travels at low slow of the velocity scale

Front 11

Debris, earth, or mud flows

Back 11

Involve the rapid to very rapid flow of materials down steep slopes

Front 12

Factor of Safety

Back 12

Ratio of resisting forces to the driving forces

Front 13

Drainage basin

Back 13

Area containing an integrated network of stream segments that join together to form successively larger streams

Front 14

Drainage divide

Back 14

Boundaries of drainage basins, usually ridges or high areas

Front 15

Headward erosion

Back 15

Erosion at the origin of a stream channel, which causes the origin to move back away from the direction of the stream flow, and so causes the stream channel to lengthen

Front 16

Stream capture

Back 16

A stream intersects another stream and diverts, or captures it

Front 17

Laminar flow

Back 17

Parallel flow paths of adjacent particles

Front 18

Turbulent flow

Back 18

Random velocity fluctuations in all directions arise within the flow

Front 19

Entrainment

Back 19

Erosion due to particles from the channel sides and bottom

Front 20

Dissolved load

Back 20

Carried totally in solution by a stream

Front 21

Suspended load

Back 21

Small particles that are carried by the stream and do not settle at the bottom

Front 22

Terminal velocity

Back 22

Rate at which particles tend to fall through a static liquid column

Front 23

Bed load

Back 23

Particles that are too large to be carried by suspension and move by sliding or rolling

Front 24

Thalweg

Back 24

Deepest part of the channel

Front 25

Alluvial fan

Back 25

Hemiconical land form formed by deposited sediments where the gradient and velocity of the stream suddenly decreases

Front 26

Delta

Back 26

Where rivers enter a lake or sea

Front 27

Longitudinal profile

Back 27

Change in gradient of stream from headwaters to mouth

Front 28

Headwater

Back 28

The furthest place in that river or stream from its estuary or confluence with another river

Front 29

Base level

Back 29

Elevation that the downstream segment of the curve asymptotically approaches

Front 30

Continental shelf

Back 30

Gently sloping platforms that extend seaward from the coastline

Front 31

Submarine canyons

Back 31

Underwater valleys that cross the continental shelves

Front 32

Continental slopes

Back 32

Where the continental shelves terminate

Front 33

Abyssal planes

Back 33

Flat plains of the ocean floor

Front 34

Wave height

Back 34

Vertical distance from trough to crest

Front 35

Wave length

Back 35

Distance between crests or troughs

Front 36

Wave period

Back 36

Amount of passage of time between successive crests relative to a fixed point

Front 37

Tidal range

Back 37

Large difference in range between high and low tides

Front 38

Longshore current

Back 38

Net flow of water parallel to the shore

Front 39

Rip currents

Back 39

Rapidly moving currents that are flowing directly away from the beach in a seaward direction

Front 40

Longshore drift

Back 40

Movement of sand in the shore zone by longshore currents

Front 41

A shoreline spit

Back 41

Thin strip of beach that extends from a point or headland across the mouth of a bay or other coastal indentation

Front 42

Hooked spit

Back 42

Ends of a spit are curved inward toward the bay

Front 43

Tombolo

Back 43

When a spit connects a beach and an offshore island

Front 44

Barrier island

Back 44

Long, narrow islands that lie just offshore and trend parallel to the coast

Front 45

Lagoon

Back 45

Shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs

Front 46

Tidal inlet

Back 46

Periodic breaks in the barrier islands

Front 47

Storm surge

Back 47

Rapid rise in water level generated by the winds of the storm as it approaches shore

Front 48

Zone of accumulation

Back 48

Zone where the glacier accumulates mass

Front 49

Zone of ablation

Back 49

Zone where the glacier loses mass

Front 50

Equilibrium zone

Back 50

Place where the gain and loss of mass of the glacier is the same

Front 51

Striations due to glaciers

Back 51

Elongated parallel to the ice flow direction and can traced for kilometers on the surface

Front 52

Glacial drift

Back 52

All deposits associated with glaciers

Front 53

Glacial till

Back 53

Poorly sorted, non-stratified sediment deposited directly in contact with glacial ice

Front 54

Proglacial Lakes

Back 54

Lakes created by the movement of the glacier

Front 55

Glaciolacustrine sediment

Back 55

Sediment deposited in lakes

Front 56

Glacial outwash

Back 56

Sediment that flows away from the ice in melt water streams

Front 57

Eolian sediments

Back 57

Derived from outwash and other types of glacial drift and then transported and deposited by wind, very well sorted and varies in grain size

Front 58

Loess

Back 58

Deposits of eolian silt

Front 59

Drumlin

Back 59

Streamlined hills produced by wet based sliding glaciers

Front 60

Esker

Back 60

Sinuous ridge composed of poorly sorted sand and gravel

Front 61

Kame

Back 61

Isolated, commonly conical hills of sand and gravel

Front 62

Permafrost

Back 62

Permanently frozen ground

Front 63

Effect of adding surcharge to head or body of a slope

Back 63

Increases the rotational tendency of the mass and makes it easier to fail

Front 64

Effects of increased pore water pressure

Back 64

Produce a buoyant force acting upward on the slide mass thus decreasing the stability

Front 65

Five common drainage patterns

Back 65

Dendritic, Parallel, Trellis, Rectangular, Radial

Front 66

Coastal engineering structures

Back 66

Designed to enhance or maintain navigation, to prevent erosion, or to promote deposition

Front 67

Wave Energy (Headlands and Bays)

Back 67

Rate of shore erosion is much greater on headlands than in adjacent bays and bays end up getting deposition

Front 68

Classification of Arid Regions

Back 68

P/ETP (Ratio of precipitation to annual potential evapotranspiration)

0 - 0.03 (Hyperarid)

0.03 - 0.20 (Arid)

0.20 - 0.50 (Semi-arid)

0.50 - 0.70 (Subhumid)

Front 69

Creation of a dune

Back 69

Sand grains transported up windward side (stoss) and deposited at top due decrease in wind velocity. This causes steepening until critical angle is reached and then grains fall down the face maintaining the angle

Front 70

Cause the flow of a Glacier

Back 70

1. Movement derived from visco-plastic internal deformation of ice, tendency of ice to flow down slope under its own weight when sufficient thickness is reached

2. Basal Sliding - tendency of a glacier to slide as a block above its bed (dependent upon thermal conditions at the base of the ice)

3. Deforming bed hypothesis (Deformation and flowing of the weak bed sediment)