Geology Final

Front 1

The big bang theory states that

Back 1

All matter int he universe was once confined to a single point

Front 2

Marine magnets anomalies result from sea-floor spreading in conjunction with

Back 2

Magnetic polarity reversals

Front 3

The boundary between the crust and the mantle is marked by seismic-velocity discontinuity

Back 3

The moho

Front 4

At convergent plate boundary, two opposite plates

Back 4

Move towards each other

Front 5

Shape of earth's magnetic field is approximately that of a

Back 5

Dipole

Front 6

GRAPH: Pushing force driving plate motion

Back 6

At mid ocean ridges

Front 7

Point in earth's surface directly above the point where an earthquake occurs

Back 7

Epicenter

Front 8

Pumping vast quantities of water locally

Back 8

Lowers water table, forms a cone-shaped depression

Front 9

Body of permeable rock or sediments in which the water table resides

Back 9

Unconfined aquifier

Front 10

Which earthquake has the highest velocity?

Back 10

P Wave

Front 11

Within a meander, sediment is likely to be deposited

Back 11

On inner banks of meander

Front 12

Which portion of radioactive isotopes is expected to remain in unaltered state

Back 12

1/8th

Front 13

Lowest elevation to which a stream can downcut

Back 13

Base level

Front 14

Material through which water readily flows

Back 14

Permeable

Front 15

Rock or sediment with water filled pores, where upward percolation is blocked by overlying impermeable layer

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Confined aquifier

Front 16

Surface waves..

Back 16

Cause most destruction to buildings

Front 17

Body waves include

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S & P

Front 18

New madrid earth quake question

Back 18

20 KM

Front 19

Impermeable layer of rock in hydrogeologic ocntext

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Aquitard

Front 20

Body of rock affected by compression stress will undergo

Back 20

Shortening

Front 21

Fold shaped like an arch

Back 21

Anticline

Front 22

Changes in shape induced by stress

Back 22

Strain

Front 23

Horizontal sediment overlies tilted strata, surface between is

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Angular unconformity

Front 24

Earthquakes that pass through the interior arc

Back 24

Body waves

Front 25

The sides of the fold where a curve is at a minimum

Back 25

Limbs

Front 26

Any place where ground water flows out of the surface of the earth

Back 26

Spring

Front 27

What statement about Contact #3 is correct

Back 27

it and contact #2 formed continuous unconformity

Front 28

A fold shaped like an elongated trough

Back 28

Syncline

Front 29

A body of rock affected by tension stress will undergo

Back 29

Stretching

Front 30

If a fault is nearly vertical in orientation and two walls of rock on opp side slide past each other

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Strike slip

Front 31

Which earthquake scale measures effect on humans and man made structures

Back 31

Mercalli scale

Front 32

Force per unit area

Back 32

Stress

Front 33

Uniformitarianism

Back 33

"Present is the key to the past"

Front 34

Ephemeral streams

Back 34

Have flowing water either episodically or during the portion of the year

Front 35

How many seismic stations are needed to find epicenter

Back 35

3

Front 36

Dissolution of rock produces

Back 36

Secondary porosity

Front 37

Base of stream valley can be no lower than

Back 37

sea level

Front 38

Ground water always flows from areas

Back 38

Of high hydraulic head to lesser hydraulic head

Front 39

Oldest geologic unit int he cross section is the

Back 39

limestone

Front 40

The deepest part of the channel where the stream flows fastest

Back 40

Thalaweg

Front 41

Regions of the sea floor with negative magnetic anomalies were formed when earth's magnetic field..

Back 41

had reversed polarity

Front 42

Lithosphere of earth is generally thickest at/near

Back 42

convergent boundaries

Front 43

Most pulling force driving plate motion is produced

Back 43

at subduction zones

Front 44

Waves that are 'blue shifted' are shorter than red wavelengths

Back 44

True

Front 45

Deep oceanic trenches are found in ____of plate boundaries

Back 45

Divergent

Front 46

Strong evidence that the universe is expanding comes from the fact from the light emitted from galaxies is ____ shifted

Back 46

Red

Front 47

In agreement with big bang theory, the universe is...

Back 47

Expanding

Front 48

Mid-ocean ridges are elevated above the surrounding sea floor because..

Back 48

Ridge rocks are hot, low density

Front 49

Earth's surface is generated by solar winds and radiation by..

Back 49

Earth's magnetic field

Front 50

Earth's atmosphere dominated by which two gasses

Back 50

Nitrogen and oxygen

Front 51

Estimate age of the universe is

Back 51

14 billion

Front 52

San andrea fault zone is an example of

Back 52

transform boundary

Front 53

A light year measures

Back 53

Distance

Front 54

Age of oceanic crust _____ w/ increasing distance from mid ocean ridges

Back 54

Increases

Front 55

In our current understanding of big bang theory

Back 55

Universe is considerably older

Front 56

The _____ refers to the change in wavelength and frequency that happens if source of waves are moving

Back 56

Doppler effect

Front 57

Which layer of the earth has greatest density

Back 57

Core

Front 58

Magnetic stripes on oceanic crust lay roughly ___ To mid ocean ridges

Back 58

Parallel

Front 59

Marine magnetic anomaly belts are widest when..

Back 59

Sea floor spreading rates are relatively rapid

Front 60

Chemically, the moon is similar to the earth's

Back 60

Mantle

Front 61

Lithosphere is mainly composed of

Back 61

Crust and upper mantle

Front 62

As compared to the density of the asthenosphere, the lithosphere...

Back 62

Initially less dense

Front 63

If one were to take a balloon to the atmosphere, they'd experience the concentration of gasses

Back 63

becoming less dense

Front 64

Where earth's dipole interacts with the surface of the planet, it is called the

Back 64

Magnetic pole

Front 65

Unlike the lithosphere, the asthenosphere

Back 65

Is able to flow over a long period of time

Front 66

Distance between crust and mantle, is primarily on the basis of difference is..

Back 66

Chemistry, (Physical rigidty)

Front 67

The metal alloy that makes up the core of the earth is ____ To the rocky mantle

Back 67

more dense

Front 68

Earth's magnetic field is governed by the ____

Back 68

Flow of liquid outer core

Front 69

Focault's experiment with a pendalum proved that...

Back 69

Earth rotates about an internal axis

Front 70

Wadati Benioff Zone is a belt of earthquakes focused..

Back 70

within downgoing plate at subduction zone

Front 71

If we were using both a compass and a map marked w/ latitude and longitude, the angle difference between compass and map

Back 71

Magnetic declination

Front 72

Summed over the entire surface of the earth...

Back 72

Rates of lithosphere production and consumption are equal

Front 73

Lithosphere of earth can be bent and broken, but it will not flow because it is...

Back 73

too cool

Front 74

Label crust left to right

Back 74

Crust--> upper mantle

Front 75

It isn't the continent that moves relative to a fixed pole, but it is the pole that moves relative to cont...

Back 75

False

Front 76

Large, thick nonvolcanic mountain belts like the himalayas have features with

Back 76

convergent boundaries

Front 77

tectonic plates might consist of

Back 77

oceanicEa or continental lithosphere or a combo of both

Front 78

Earth's geothermal gradient is the rate of temperature change incurred by..

Back 78

Traversing down w/in the earth's interior

Front 79

Volcanoes of the cascade mountains are related to melting of rock associated with..

Back 79

-Convergent

Front 80

Whether an eruption will primarily produce lava flows or pyroclastic debris is influenced by..

Back 80

All of the above

Front 81

Clevage in minerals refers to

Back 81

Tendency to break along planes of weakness

Front 82

Hot water reacting with crust is the basis for what type of metamorphisis

Back 82

Hydrothermal

Front 83

Rhyoltic lavas..

Back 83

All of the above

Front 84

Spreading PB on bread is an application of

Back 84

shear stress

Front 85

Region of thermally metamorphsed rock surrounding cooled pluton is called

Back 85

Aureole

Front 86

Explosives or voluminous eruptions may cause the volcano to collapse on the floor of the empty magma chamber, providing larger depression

Back 86

Caldera

Front 87

A buried body of shale is subjected to differential stress, causing clay minerals to realign and produce slate..

Back 87

Metamorphism

Front 88

Basaltic lavas..

Back 88

Contain more iron and magnesium than rhyoltic lavas

Front 89

Injecting hot fudge into ice cream is an appropriate analogy for what cause of magma melt?

Back 89

Melting due to heat transfer from rising magma

Front 90

The difference between brecca and conglomerate is that..

Back 90

Cross beds

Front 91

In silicate materials, tetrahedral may be coordinated to form..

Back 91

All of the above

Front 92

Physical precipitation of a gypsum due to evaporation of seawater produces which type of sedimentary rock

Back 92

Chemical

Front 93

Viscosity depends on..

Back 93

All of the above

Front 94

Of the 3 primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, which has the most gentle sloping sides due to low viscosity

Back 94

Shield volcanoes

Front 95

W/ regards to minerals, hardness refers to

Back 95

ability to resist being scratchedW

Front 96

What type of magma has the greatest silica content?

Back 96

Felsic

Front 97

Which of the following process CANNOT occur int he formation of metamorphic rock?

Back 97

Complete remelting of the rock, followed by solidification to form a new rock

Front 98

A sill is...

Back 98

Sheet-like intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock

Front 99

Minerals in geodes form spectacular euhedral crystals because..

Back 99

The crystals have abundant room to grow in their hollow surroundingsT

Front 100

The prolith subjected to metamorphism

Back 100

May belong to any of the 3 primary rock types

Front 101

Diamond and graphite are both pure silicon

Back 101

False

Front 102

Nonviolent eruptions characterized by extensive flows of basaltic lava are

Back 102

Effusive

Front 103

Silica tetrahedon that forms backbone of silicate materials is silicon and ___

Back 103

Oxygen

Front 104

Lithified detritus (breakdown products of preexisting rocks) form which sed. rock?

Back 104

Clastic

Front 105

If a body of magma is subjected to fractional crystallization, rock that is expected to result is

Back 105

More mafic than magma

Front 106

Constant wave action causes beach sand to be..

Back 106

Well rounded, well sorted, A & C

Front 107

Pillow lava associated with

Back 107

Submarine basaltic eruptions

Front 108

A fast moving flow consisting of a mixture of h20 and volcanisclastic debris is

Back 108

lahar

Front 109

if body of magma becomes more felsic, viscosity will

Back 109

decrease

Front 110

foliated metamorphic rock possesses

Back 110

planar fabric consisting of mineral grains in preferred orientations