Geology Exam #3

Front 1

serious coastal hazards?

Back 1

rip currents
coastal erosion
tsunamis
tropical cyclones (P-typhoons/A-Hurricanes)

Front 2

wave creation

Back 2

wind blowing over the water produces friction, air is moving faster than water, moving air transfers energy into the water

Front 3

size of waves depend on?

Back 3

velocity, or speed of wind
duration of wind
distance that wind blows across the surface - fetch

Front 4

wave height

Back 4

difference between wave's trough and it peak

Front 5

wave length

Back 5

distance between successive peaks

Front 6

wave period

Back 6

time in seconds for successive waves to pass a reference point

Front 7

swell

Back 7

wave group that was generated by storms far out at sea

Front 8

wave energy is approximately proportional to the square to...

Back 8

wave height

Front 9

beach

Back 9

landform consisting of loose material, such as sand or gravel, that has accumulated by wave action at the shoreline

Front 10

plunging breakers and spilling breakers

Back 10

plunging at convergent
spilling at divergent

Front 11

berms

Back 11

flat backshore areas on beaches formed by deposition of sediment as waves rush up and expend the last of their energy

Front 12

beach face

Back 12

sloping portion of the beach below the berm

Front 13

swash zone

Back 13

part of the beach face that is exposed by the uprush and backwash of wave

Front 14

surf zone

Back 14

turbulent translational waves moves toward the shore after the incoming waves break

Front 15

breaker zone

Back 15

area where the incoming waves become unstable, peak and then break

Front 16

longshore trough and longshore bar

Back 16

elongated depression and adjacent ridge of sand produced by wave action

Front 17

longshore sediment transport/littoral transport

Back 17

process of transporting sand along beach
1. sand is transported along the coast
2. up and back movement of beach sand in the swash zone causes the sand to move along the beach in a zigzag pattern

Front 18

rip currents/riptides/undertow

Back 18

concentrated narow zones of water outflow

Front 19

beach budget

Back 19

input, storage and output of sand or larger sediment that may be found on the beach

Front 20

sea cliff

Back 20

steep bluff or cliff
* exposed to both wave action and land erosion processes such as running water and lanslides

Front 21

erosion factors (seacliffs)

Back 21

landslides
sea level dropping - seacliff base
urbanization along seacliff

Front 22

hard stabilization

Back 22

engineering structures to protect a shoreline from waves

Front 23

soft stabilization

Back 23

adding sand to a beach (beach nourishment)

Front 24

managed retreat

Back 24

living with beach erosion with perhaps a mixture of hard and soft

Front 25

wetlands

Back 25

large areas of coastal regions
- protected from waves and currents
- high biological productivity
- climate governs vegetation

Front 26

estuaries

Back 26

river valleys flooded by marine water
- mix of fresh and salt water
- modern estuaries and fjords

Front 27

barrier islands/tidal flats

Back 27

abundant sand areas;ephemeral
- elongate, linear sand bars
- very low topography
- tidal flats form in intertidal zones lacking strong waves

Front 28

groins

Back 28

linear structures placed perpendicular to the shore, usually in a group called groin fields
-designed to trap a portion of the sand that moves in the littoral transport system

Front 29

beach nourishment

Back 29

minimalizing beach erosion by artificially filling each groin

Front 30

breakwaters

Back 30

designed to intercept waves and provide a protected area, or harbor, for boat moorings

Front 31

jetties

Back 31

designed to stabilized the channel, prevent or minimize deposition of sediment in the channel and generally protect it from large waves

Front 32

mid 1970's - Florida & U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Back 32

65 million
160,000 m3 of sand

Front 33

barrier islands

Back 33

long narrow islands separated from the mainland by a body of water

Front 34

severity of erosion

Back 34

presence or absence of a frontal dune system
- orientation of the coastline
- groundwater seepage
- existence of protective structures

Front 35

storm surge

Back 35

local rise in sea level that results when hurricane winds push water toward coast

Front 36

setback

Back 36

distance from the shoreline to where development such as homes are allowed

Front 37

mineral resources

Back 37

elements, compounds, minerals or rocks concentrated in a form that can be extracted to obtain a usuable commodity

Front 38

mineral resource

Back 38

concentration of a naturally occurring material in or on the crust of Earth in a form that can now or potentially be extracted at a profit

Front 39

mineral reserve

Back 39

portion of the resource that is identified and is currently available to be legally extracted at a profit

Front 40

types of mineral resources

Back 40

-elements that are used for metal and technological useage
-chemical engineering
-building material - aggregate
-agriculture

Front 41

responses to limited availability

Back 41

not actual exhaustion, is it worth the cost of mainting or mining
-find more sources
-find a substitute
-recycle what has already been obtained
-use less and make more efficient use of what we have
-do without

Front 42

ore

Back 42

useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit

Front 43

concentration factor

Back 43

measure of its concentration necessary for profitable mining

Front 44

igneous processes

Back 44

most of world ore deposits
disseminated - scattered through rocks (diamond)

Front 45

hydrothermal deposits

Back 45

hot chemically active fluid associated with magma that gives rise to a variety of hot minerals

Front 46

metamorphic processes

Back 46

cooling magma interacts with surrounding rock and often causes elevated heat and pressure - metamorphism

Front 47

contact metamorphism

Back 47

occurs on a local scale of a few meters to a few hundreds of meters from contact with magma

Front 48

regional metamorphism

Back 48

a regional scale of thousands of squre kilometers

Front 49

sedimentary processes

Back 49

resulting from physical or chemical processes

Front 50

evaporite deposits

Back 50

shallow marine basins or lakes dry up

Front 51

placer deposits

Back 51

stream deposits may concentrate a variety of heavy metals - gold

Front 52

biological processes

Back 52

accumulations of phosphate-rch fish bones and teeth form some of the richest phosphate deposits in the world

Front 53

weathering processes

Back 53

physical, chemical biochemical weathering processes may concentrate some materials to the points they can be extracted

Front 54

residual deposits

Back 54

intense weathering of rocks and soils that along with erosional processes, leaves behind the less soluble material with economic value