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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 7 tests used to I.D. common minerals?
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1. Color (tested with eyes)
2. Streak (tested with scratching mineral on plaster) 3. Hardness (tested with Moh's hardness scale) 4. Specific Gravity (mass/volume) 5. Taste (lick) 6. Magnetism (magnet) 7. Luster (is it metallic?) |
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How do you figure out if a mineral is hard or soft?
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Moh's hardness scale, scratching the mineral on glass (hardness of 5.5) and with your thumb (hardness of 2.5)
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If a mineral is soft it's hardness is less than ____?
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2.5, the hardness of the thumbnail
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If a mineral is hard, it's hardness is greater than ____?
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5.5, the hardness of glass
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If a mineral is medium, it falls between what hardness levels?
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2.5 and 5.5, you can't scratch it with your thumbnail and it can't scratch glass
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What is the process to determine a minerals Specific Gravity?
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1.determine the mass (weighing the mineral)
2.determine the volume (measuring water in a cylinder, then adding the mineral, then subtracting the two numbers) 3.taking the outcome of both and dividing them (Mass/Volume) |
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Which two rocks react with hydrochloric acid? What do they do?
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1. Calcite, visible and audio reaction
2. Dolomite, very quiet audio reaction |
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What two minerals have the highest specific gravities? What are their SG's?
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1. Platinum at 19.3
2. Gold at 19.2 |
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What does "the big 8" mean?
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It's the name for the 8 elements in minerals
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What are The Big 8? in order...
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1.Oxygen
2.Silicon 3.Alluminum 4. Iron 5. Calcium 6. Sodium 7. Potassium 8. Magnesium |
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What element are diamond and graphite made out of?
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Carbon!
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What are the igneous 9?
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Mafic:
1. Augite 2. Calcium Feldspar 3. Olivine Intermediate: 1. Biotite 2. Hornblende 3. Sodium Feldspar Felsic: 1. Muscovite 2. Potassium Feldspar 3. Smoky Quartz |
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What element(s) are predominant in mafic minerals?
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Magnesium. Iron. Calcium
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What element(s) are predominant in intermediate minerals?
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Sodium (+ a mixture of of everything else)
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What element(s) are predominant in felsic minerals?
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silicon, aluminum, potassium
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What element do all of the minerals (mafic, intermed, felsic) have in common?
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OXYGEN!!
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What makes an Ultra Mafic rock?
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Olivine and Augite
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What is the name of a rock with a spotty texture?
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porphyritic
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What is the name for the visible minerals in a porphyritic rock? What is the name for the fine textured background?
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phenocrysts, matrix
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How are diamonds formed?
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Volcanic eruptions!
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How far below the surface is a diamond when it forms?
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60 miles
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What is a pluton?
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any mass rock that forms between the earth surface
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What is a lacolith?
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a pluton that pushes up the earths surface
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What is a sill?
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a pluton that forms between layers of host rock
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What is a dike?
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a pluton that forms in cracks that cut across the host rock
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What is a batholith?
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an ENORMOUS pluton that forms deep below the surface
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What is a xenolith?
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a piece(s) of host rock that fall into magma & become visable
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What temperature does magma start to crystallize?
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3200 degrees F
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From first to last, list the order in which the compositions of minerals start to crystallize in magma.
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1. Mafic
2. Intermediate 3. Felsic |
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From first to last, list the order in which the mafic minerals form.
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1. Olivine
2. Calcium Feldspar 3. Augite |
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From first to last, list the order in which the intermediate minerals form.
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4. Hornblende
5. Sodium Feldspar 6. Biotite |
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From first to last, list the order in which the felsic minerals form.
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7. Potassium Feldspar
8. Muscovite 9. Quartz |
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Which minerals would be on the bottom of a pluton?
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Mafic:
1. olivine ( very bottom) 2. Calcium Feldspar 3. Augite |
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Which minerals would be on the top of a pluton?
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Felsic:
7. Potassium Feldspar 8. Muscovite 9. Quartz (very top) |
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What does homogeneous mean?
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a substance that is uniform in composition
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What are all rocks made of?
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minerals!
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How many known minerals are there?
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4011, or 4000
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How many minerals are colorless?
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550!
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What is a minerals streak?
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it's the color of the minerals powder
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What is the softest mineral?
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talc, with a level 1 on Moh's hardness scale
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What's the hardest mineral?
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diamond! level 10
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Transparent:
Opaque: Translucent: Vitreous: |
Transparent: all light passes through
Opaque: no light passes through Translucent: some light passes through Vitreous: “glassy” something that looks like glass |
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Which mineral tastes like salt?
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halite
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How many minerals are magnetic?
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10-15
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What does "luster" refer to?
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whether a mineral is metallic or nonmetallic
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What is the most common mineral on the planet?
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ice!
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What are the 5 requirements to be a mineral?
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The 5 requirements to be a mineral:
1.Solid (there is no such thing as a liquid or gas mineral) 2.Naturally occurring (NOT manmade) 3.Inorganic (not derived from the plant or animal kingdom, they’re not alive) 4.Homogenous (does not consist of different recognizable parts, it’s pure) 5.Patterned Atomic Structure |
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Why isn't coal a mineral?
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because it's organic, made from a tree
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Three types of rocks:
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic |
All rocks are originally made out of igneous rocks
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1). How do ALL IGNEOUS ROCKS form?
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Crystallization of magma
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2) What is magma?
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Magma is rock that has melted!!
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3) What’s the difference between magma and lava?
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When magma gets to the surface of the earth, it’s called lava.
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3) What is meant by the term “crystallization” as used in reference to magma?
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The process in which magma changes (back) to solid rock.
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__’F water turns solid (to ice)
____’F magma turns solid (to igneous rock) |
32’F water turns solid (to ice)
3200’F magma turns solid (to igneous rock) |
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4) What two characteristics of an igneous rock must be determined before the rock can be accurately named?
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Composition (mafic..) and texture (course)
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_____- size of the minerals in the rock
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Texture
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What five conditions must be met for a substance to qualify as a mineral?
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1. solid
2. naturally occurrence 3. inorganic 4. homogeneous 5. patterned atomic structure |
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Why do the following below listed substances NOT qualify as a mineral?
1. water 2. coal 3. petoskey stone 4. granite 5. brass 6. amber 7. pearl 8. sand |
1 water is liquid
2 coal is organic 3 petoskey stone is made by an animal 4 granite isn't homogenous 5 brass is made of copper and zinc (man made) 6 amber is tree sap 7 made by clam 8 size designation, 1/16 2mm all minerals can be sand. Sand isn't a mineral, but sand can be made of minerals. |
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Why can't a mineral be identified by it's color alone
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too many minerals have the same color
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why can the same mineral appear in a variety of colors?
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impurites
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what is meant by the streak of a mineral?
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the color of a minerals powder
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what is meant by the hardness of a mineral?
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it's ability to resist being scratched
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what 2 minerals react with hydrochloric acid? (HCI)
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calcite and dolomite
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what is meant by the specific gravity of a mineral?
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sg= m/v how much a mineral weighs compared to an equal volume of water
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what two minerals have the highest SGs?
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platinum 19.3 and gold 19.2
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What is meant by the LUSTER of a mineral?
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the way it reflects the light (metallic or nonmatallic)
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What is meant by the term VITREOUS?
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glassy appearance
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What are the 8 most abundant chemical elements in the rocks and minerals of the earths crust?
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oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium
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Diamond and graphite are composed of only one chemical element... carbon. Yet, the physical properties of diamond and graphite differ greatly. Why?
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Different atomic structure
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What 2 independent factors account for ALL of the difference that occur among the 4011 known minerals?
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1. Different atomic structure
2. different chemical elements |
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How do all igneous rocks form?
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crystallization of magma
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what is magma? what is the difference between magma and lava?
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1. melted rock
2. when magma reaches the surface of the earth it's called lava |
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What 2 characteristics of an igneous rock must be determined before the rock can be accurately named?
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composition (mafic, intermed, felsic) and texture (coarse, fine, porphyritic)
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What is meant by the texture of a rock?
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size of the minerals in the rock (can you see them with the "naked eye"? that means their coarse)
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What single factor determines whether an igneous rock acquires a coarse texture or a fine texture?
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1. Coarse (formed below the earths surface) the minerals are visible with the naked eye
2. Fine (formed after reaching the earths surface) are only visible with a microscope |
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What is a phenocryst?
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a coarse textured mineral in a porphyritic rock
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what does the term HOST ROCK refer to?
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host rock is the rock that surrounds magma
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What is a pluton?
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any mass rock that forms below the earths surface
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What is a laccolith?
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a pluton that pushes up the earths surface (like a hill)
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What is a sill?
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a pluton that forms between layers of host rock
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What is a dike?
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a pluton that forms in a crack that cuts across the host rock
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What is a batholith?
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an ENORMOUS pluton that forms DEEP beneath the earths surface
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What is a xenolith?
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a piece of host rock that falls into the magma and becomes visible (doesn't melt)
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What is the composition of the first 3 minerals that form in magma?
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Mafic!
1. Olivine 2. Calcium Feldspar 3. Augite |
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What is the composition of the 2nd three minerals that crystallize from magma?
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Intermediate!
4. Hornblende 5. Sodium Feldspar 6. Biotite |
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What is the composition of the last 3 minerals to crystallize from magma?
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Felsic!
7. Potassium feldspar 8. Muscovite 9. Smoky Quartz |
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What happens to each and every mineral as it crystallizes from magma underground?
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it sinks to the bottom
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What are some of the most common VOLATILES contained in magma?
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1. Steam
2. Carbon Dioxide 3. Hydrogen Sulphide 4. Sulphur dioxide 5. Chlorine 6. Carbon minoxide 7. ammonia |
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What is meant by the term PYROCLASTIC?
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ARIVAL OF ANYTHING ALREADY SOLID (ash, rock, etc.)
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What is the NUMBER ONE factor that determines whether a volcano erupts violently or passively?
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the composition of the magma! (if it's mafic it's passive, if it's intermediate or felsic it's violent)
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What is meant by the viscosity of the magma?
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magmas resistance to flowing
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In what way does the temp. of the magma control its viscosity?
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hither the temp. the more silicon content
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In what way does the element "silicon" control the viscosity of the magma?
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higher the silicon content higher the viscosity (less ability to move)
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What common substance causes ascending magma to erupt in an extremely VIOLENT manner?
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STEAMM!!! water gets into the ground, the magma heats it up and turns it to steam!!
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What is pahoehoe?
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lava that resembles long twisted rope (lava type:pahoehoe; rock type:basalt)
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What kind of volcano forms when mafic lava erupts from long cracks in the ground?
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flood basalt
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What kind of volcano forms when mafic lava erupts repeatedly from a pipe-like conduit?
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shield volcano
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What kind of volcano forms when a volcano collapses into the empty ground beneath it?
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a caldera
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What kind of volcano forms when lava that crystallizes in the hair lands in a pile on the ground?
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cinder cone
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What kind of volcano forms when intermediate lava & pyroclastics pile up on the ground?
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composite cone
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What kind of volcano forms when felsic lava forms a "blob" because it is incapable of spreading out on the ground?
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lava dome
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What kind of volcano forms when the rock inside the conduit of a volcano becomes exposed at the surface?
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volcanic plug
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What kind of volcano forms when a lava flow splits apart to produce standing pillars?
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columnar jointing
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Name the big 8 in order!
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(Oh Shit Alex, I Came. Sorry, Pleaseforgive Me)
1. Oxygen 2. Silicon 3. Aluminum 4. Iron 5. Calcium 6. Sodium 7. Potassium 8. Magnesium |
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What elements are mafic minerals made out of?
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(Hint: ma) magnesium, (f) iron, (c) calcium
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what element(s) are intermediate minerals high in?
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sodium (sodium feldspar)
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What element(s) are felsic minerals high in?
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silicon, aluminum, and potassium (like potassium feldspar)
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What is it called when magma is doing "it's thing" at or above the surface?
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volcanic activity
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What is it called when magma is doing it's thing below the ground?
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plutonic activity
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What 3 things are emitted from the vent during volcanic eruptions?
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1. magma
2. volatiles 3. pyroclastics |
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What are the 7 most common volatiles?
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1. steam
2. carbon dioxide 3. hydrogen sulphide 4. sulpur dioxide 5. chlorine 6. ammonia |
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Steam takes up __ to __% more space when it transforms from being water.
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Steam takes up 90 to 100% more space when it transforms from being water.
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There are currently ___ to ___ active volcanos.
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There are currently 500 to 600 active volcanos.
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____ is the most common volcanic rock on the surface of the earth, it's ____ in composition.
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Basalt is the most common volcanic rock on the surface of the earth, it's mafic in composition. (fine textured)
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What rock crystallizes during flight? flight of a volcanic eruption
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scoria (vesicular)
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Which mafic rock forms below the surface?
on the surface? in the air? |
below: gabbro
on: basalt air: scoria |
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What type of volcano is formed by the collapse of the top of a volcano
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a caldera!
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What is it called when magma is doing "it's thing" at or above the surface?
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volcanic activity
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What is it called when magma is doing it's thing below the ground?
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plutonic activity
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What 3 things are emitted from the vent during volcanic eruptions?
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1. magma
2. volatiles 3. pyroclastics |
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What are the 7 most common volatiles?
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1. steam
2. carbon dioxide 3. hydrogen sulphide 4. sulpur dioxide 5. chlorine 6. ammonia |
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Steam takes up __ to __% more space when it transforms from being water.
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Steam takes up 90 to 100% more space when it transforms from being water.
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There are currently ___ to ___ active volcanos.
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There are currently 500 to 600 active volcanos.
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____ is the most common volcanic rock on the surface of the earth, it's ____ in composition.
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Basalt is the most common volcanic rock on the surface of the earth, it's mafic in composition. (fine textured)
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What rock crystallizes during flight? flight of a volcanic eruption
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scoria (vesicular)
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Which mafic rock forms below the surface?
on the surface? in the air? |
below: gabbro
on: basalt air: scoria |
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What type of volcano is formed by the collapse of the top of a volcano
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a caldera!
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What volcano is the BIG KILLER?
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composite cones
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How do composite cones kill so many people?
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pyroclastic flows of up to 90/100mph
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When a volcano wears away leaving only the solid rock in the conduit what is it called?
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a volcanic plug
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From bottom to top name the rocks the rocks that form in a pluton.
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gabbro, diorite, granite
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