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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Created the principle of uniformitarianism
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Hutton
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outer compositional layer of earth
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crust
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Two types of crust
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oceanic, continental
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plate tectonics says what is divided into plates?
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Lithosphere
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Plate off the coast of South America
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Nazca Plate
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Developed theory of continental drift
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Wegener
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mechanical upper layer
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lithosphere
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how do plates move
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convection
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three types of margins
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convergent, divergent, transform
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Two types of convergent margins
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subduction zone, collision zone
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Crust length
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8-45 km
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elements in crust
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Si, Al, O
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Mantle length
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45-2900 km
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mantle elements
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Mg, Fe, Mn
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List 5 mechanical layers
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lithosphere, astenospher, lower mantle (mesosphere), outer core, inner core
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5 reqs to be a mineral
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inorganic, naturally occurent, crystalline form, fixed chemical makeup, solid
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breaking rocks down
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weathering
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moving stuff around
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erosion
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settling, end of erosion
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deposition
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parallel lines that appear on cleavage patterns
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striations
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combination of minerals and natural substance
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rocks
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heated rocks, result of cooling magma
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igneous rocks
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process of turning material to stone
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lithification
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lithification results in this rock
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sedentary rock
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heating and pressuring of a rock, causing a transformation
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metamorphism
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result of metamorphism (rock)
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metamorphic rock
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melted rock below the surface
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magma
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melted rock above the surface
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lava
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most common magma
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basaltic magma
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lower temp than basaltic magma
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andesitic magma
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lowest temp of all magmas
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rhyolitic magma
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two types of igneous rock
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plutonic, volcanic
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intrusive igneous rock
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plutonic
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extrusive igneous rock
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volcanic
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frozen magma below the surface
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plutons
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light colors, white, pink, red
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felsic
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dark colors, black and brown
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mafic
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green,yellow
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ultramafic
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gewy substance when top layer of magma freezes (non explosive volcanos)
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pahoehoe
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cloud of dust from explosion
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pyroclastic flow
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solid material formed from blast
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pyroclast
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Basaltic magma present, non explosive, large area gentle slope (volcano)
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shield volcano
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little lava, very small, steeper slope
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Tephra (cinder) cones
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very large, build up steep sides over time
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stratocones
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which group of minerals are commonly mined for fertilizer production
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phosphates
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vents at the top of a volcano
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craters
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collapse structures formed after an eruption
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calderas
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___ igneous rocks cool quickly near the surface
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volcanic
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____ igneous rocks cool slowly deeper in the earth
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plutonic
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plutons that form lens shaped blisters of magma that deform the surrounding rock layers are
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lacoliths
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states that, in the past, natural processes occurred in the same way that they do today
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principle of uniformitarianism
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a meteorite hitting the earth is an example of
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planetary accretion
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layer contains largest amount of low density elements
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crust
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separation of newly formed minerals from magma can occur via
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crystal settling
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which plate boundaries experience lots of earthquakes but few, if any, volcanic eruptions
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transform boundary
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which group of minerals effervesces
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carbonates
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explains the origin of our solar system
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nebular hypothesis
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which process explains how plates move
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slab pull hypothesis
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fast moving tectonic plate speed
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10 cm/year
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at ____ boundaries, the plate topped with oceanic crust is forced down into the earth
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subduction zone
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invertebrates usually make their shell out of what type of minerals
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carbonates
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most famous example of a transform boundary on earth today
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west coast of the US
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magma rises at this boundary
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divergent boundary
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magma cools to form a
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mid-ocean ridge
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group of minerals that contain a layered structure with very weak bonds holding the layers together, making the layers easy to peal apart
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sheet silicates
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rocks are classified into 3 categories based on?
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how they are formed
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process that breaks down rocks
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weathering
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process of transporting the rock debris away
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erosion
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