Geol Test 2

Front 1

PHYSICAL WEATHERING

Back 1

BREAKS SOLID EARTH MATERIAL DOWN INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER CHUNKS-- RESULTS IN INCREASE IN SURFACE AREA

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CHEMICAL WEATHERING

Back 2

FLUIDS AND GASES INTERACT BETWEEN SURFACE AND GROUND-CHANGE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

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WEATHERING

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PROCESS THAT RENDERS SOLID ROCK INTO A LOOSE UNCONSOLIDATED MANTLE OF EARTH MATERIAL

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JOINTS

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SURFACES ACROSS WHICH SOLID EARTH MATERIAL HAS LOST COHESION AND ACROSS WHICH THERE IS NO PERCEPTIBLE MOVEMENT

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EXFOLIATION SHEET / PRESSURE RELEASE JOINTS

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JOINTS PARALLEL TO THE LAND SURFACE

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EXTENSION JOINTS

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NEARLY VERTICAL JOINTS

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WATER EXPANDS BY

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9 PERCENT!

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ICE WEDGING

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WHEN WATER SETTLES INTO A CRACK AND FREEZES, FORCING THE ROCK APART AND BREAKING IT INTO PIECES

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ABBRASION

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AS PARTICLES RUB AGAINST SOLID ROCK AND BREAK IT DOWN

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EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL WEATHERING

Back 10

JOINTING, ROOT GROWTH, ABRASION, ICE WEDGING

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EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING

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FORMATION OF HEMATITE, DISSOLUSION OF CALCITE, OXIDATION OF IRON DURING WEATHERING OF BIOTITE

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BRICK RED STREAK

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HEMOTITE

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2FE203 (IRON IS OXIDIZED)

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HEMOTITE

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CO2+H20

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H2CO3 (CARBONIC ACID)

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CAC03+ H2CO3=

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CALCITE+ CARBONIC ACID = Ca++ + 2HCO3- DESCRIBES DISSOLUTION OF CALCITE (OCCURS IN SOUTHWESTERN US)

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QUARTSZITE

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HOLDS UP RIDGES

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LIMESTONE OCCURS IN

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LOW LYING VALLEY REGIONS

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LIMESTONE IS IN ....BECAUSE IT...

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PENNSYLVANIA WEATHERS READILY

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DIFFERENTIAL WEATHERING

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THE DIFFERENCE IN WEATHERING PATTERNS FOR DIFFERENT ROCKS AND MINERALS

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SOIL

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BODY CONSISTING OF LAYERS OF MINERALS...DIFFERENT THICKNESSES

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SOIL IS DIFFERENT FROM PARENT MATERIALS BY

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MORPHOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

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NAME THE SIX MASTER HORIZONS OF SOIL

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O, A, E, B, C AND R

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ELUVIATION

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PROCESS RESPONSIBLE FOR LEECHING OF ELEMENTS AND REMOVAL OF CLAY PARTICLES IN UPPER SOIL

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ILLUVIATION

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PROCESS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRECIPITATION AND DEPRIVATION OF ELEMENTS AND FINE CLAY PARTICLES IN MIDDLE OF SOIL

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O MASTER HORIZON

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ORGANIC LITTER IN VARIOUS STAGES OF COMPOSITION

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A MASTER HORIZON

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MIXTURE OF ORGANIC MATERIAL AND MINERAL AND ROCK FRAGMENTS

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E MASTER HORIZON

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SOIL LAYER THAT HAS BEEN EXTENSIVLY LEECHED OF ITS SOLUABLE AND FINER GRAIN COMPONENTS. WHITE IN COLOR. COMPOSED OF QUARTS.

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B MASTER HORIZON

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ZONE OF DEPOSITION. CLAYS ARE CARRIED DOWNWARD

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ZONE OF LEECHING

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A AND E MASTER HORIZONS. ILLUVIATION IS CONSTANT

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B MASTER HORIZON

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CLAYS CARRIED DOWNWARD FROM SOIL AND DEPOSITED INTO B. ZONE OF DEPOSITION.

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HOW DO THE C AND R MASTER HORIZONS DIFFER?

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R IS UNWEATHERED PARENT ROCK MATERIAL.
C IS WEATHERED PARENT MATERIAL.

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HOW DOES CLIMATE AFFECT SOIL DEVOLOPMENT?

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SOUTHWEST IS COMPOSED OF CALCITE AND HALIGHT

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CLIMATE

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COMBINATION OF PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE

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AVERAGE TEMPERATURE INCREASES FROM

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NORTH TO SOUTH.

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INCREASED TEMERATURE MEANS

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INCREASED RATE OF BIO-CHEMICAL REACTIONS. EASTERN=MOST WEATHERED SOILS.

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TOPOGRAPHIC RELIEF

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SOILS ON SLOPES LESS THICK THEN SOILS ON FLAT SURFACES

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COMPOSITION

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CRYSTALLIN MATERIAL=RESIDUAL
MATERIAL BROUGHT BY WIND, ICE.... TRANSPORTED MATERIAL

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ORGANIC ACTIVITY

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ACIDS DISSOLVES ELEMENTS FROM ROCK MASS, AS THEY GO DOWN, ROOTS ABSORB

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WHAT ARE THE 12 SOIL ORDERS?

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ENTISOLS, INCEPTISOLS, ALFISOLES, SPODOSOLS, ULTRASOLS, AND OXISOLES

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EIASUO

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SOILS THAT REFLECT VARIATION IN INTENSITY

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ENTISOL

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MASTER HORIZON DEVOLOPMENT OTHER THEN A DOES NOT OCCUR IN THESE

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Carbon Dioxide

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(C02) makes up .035% of atmosphere.

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Limestones are composed of:

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Calcite

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Plagioclase is more suceptible to weathering compared to:

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k-Feldspar

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ABYSSAL PLAIN

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REGION OF SEA FLOOR LYING ADJACENT TO AND OCEANWARD OF THE CONTINENTAL RISE.

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A HORIZON

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FOUND IN A WEATHERING PROFILE UNDERLYING THE O HORIZON. LOAMY. ZONE OF LEACHING.

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ALLUVIAL FAN

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A FAN LIKE ACCUMULATION OF GRAVEL SAND AND MUD FOUND ALONG THE FRONTS OF MOUNTAIN RANGES.

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AMPHIBOLITE

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METAMORPHIC ROCK MADE OF PLAGIOCLASE AND HORNBLENDE. THE PROTOLITHE IS BASALT.

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ANGULAR

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A GRAIN EXHIBITING SHARP ANGULAR CORNERS AND EDGES.

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ARENITE

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A SANDSTONE CONTAINING LESS THEN 15% MATRIX.

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BARRIER ISLAND

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AN ELONGATE BAR OF SAND AND GRAVEL PARRELLING THE COASTLINE AND EXTENDING ABOVE COAST LEVEL

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BED

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A LAYER OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK OR ITS METAMORPHIC EQUIVILENT GREATER THEN 1 CM IN THICKNESS. (ALSO SMALLEST ROCK UNIT)

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BED LOAD

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PART OF THE LOAD OF THE RIVER THAT TRAVELS ALONG THE RIVERBED IN A BOUNCING SKIPPING MOTION

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BEDDING PLANE

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THE SURFACES SEPERATING BEDS AND LAMINATIONS FROM EACHOTHER.

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B HORIZON

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UNDERLIES THE A HORIZON. RICH IN CLAY- STAINED RED OR BROWN BY HEMATITE AND LIMONITE. ALSO NAMED ZONE OF ACCUMULATION.

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BIOCLASTIC LIMESTONE

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CARBONATE ROCK COMPOSED OF CALCITE AND AND PROPORTIONS OF ORGANIC DEBRIS.

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BOULDERS

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SEDIMENTARY PARTICLES GREATER THEN 256 MM IN SIZE.

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BRECCIA

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LITHIFIED BLOCKY TO ANGULAR GRAVEL

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CALICHE

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TYPE OF SOIL CHARACTERIZED BY A SOLID CONTINUOUS LAYER OF CALCITE. FOUND IN DRY CLIMATES.