Geography Test 4

Front 1

Accumulation

Back 1

Ice to a glacier

Front 2

Alpine Glacier

Back 2

Near mountain crest and moves down valley

Front 3

Cirque Glacier

Back 3

Small non-moving glacier

Front 4

Equilibrium Line

Back 4

Separates albation/accumulation zones

Front 5

Icefield

Back 5

More than 50,000 of ice

Front 6

Moraine Ground

Back 6

Beneath ice sheet

Front 7

Moraine Lateral

Back 7

Unsorted debris buildup

Front 8

Moraine Medial

Back 8

Dark band of rocky debris down middle

Front 9

Recessional

Back 9

Pause in retreat ice margin

Front 10

Terminal

Back 10

Builds up outer ice advance

Front 11

Mountain Glacier

Back 11

On top of mountain

Front 12

Neve

Back 12

Snow granules packed/colase due to compression

Front 13

Outwash Plain

Back 13

Formed by glacial sediments

Front 14

Piedmont Glacier

Back 14

Bottom of mountain

Front 15

Pliestocene Epoch

Back 15

2.6 to 11,000 million years ago

Front 16

Roche Moutonee

Back 16

Bedrock hill overridden by ice

Front 17

Till

Back 17

Rock debris from melting ice

Front 18

Valley Glacier

Back 18

Long, narrow river of ice

Front 19

Zone of albation

Back 19

Low altitude below firn

Front 20

Zone of accumulation

Back 20

Above firn line, snowfall

Front 21

How is a neve/firn created

Back 21

Compression of granules until 1/2 dense as water

Front 22

Explain what glacial erratics are

Back 22

Outside boulders are deposited by retreating glaciers

Front 23

Difference between how continental ice sheets modify the terrain compared to how mountain glaciers modify terrain

Back 23

Continental ice sheets reach the sea. Mountain glaciers reach the valley.

Front 24

Why glaciers carve U-shaped valleys

Back 24

Ice travels across and down slope

Front 25

Earth has been deglaciating for how long

Back 25

50 years

Front 26

Describe the average speed of the movement of glaciers

Back 26

3cm/day to 100ft

Front 27

Compare roche moutonnees and cirques

Back 27

Bedrock hill overridden moving ice, hollow upper glacial valley

Front 28

Glacial Abrasion

Back 28

Mechanical scraping of rocks

Front 29

Describe the extent and location of the worlds contemporary ice sheets

Back 29

Antarctica and Greenland

Front 30

Caldera

Back 30

Large, steep depression from volcano

Front 31

Convergent boundary

Back 31

Two plates collide

Front 32

Diastrophism

Back 32

Deformation of earths crust

Front 33

Divergent Boundary

Back 33

Two plates spread apart

Front 34

Epicenter

Back 34

Surface directly above earthquake

Front 35

Normal Fault

Back 35

Tension stresses

Front 36

Reverse Fault

Back 36

Compression

Front 37

Strike-Slip Fault

Back 37

Shear

Front 38

Overthrust Fault

Back 38

Compression and subduction

Front 39

Flood Basalt

Back 39

Outpouring basaltic lava

Front 40

Folding

Back 40

Bending of rocks by compression

Front 41

Graben

Back 41

Block of land bounded by faults that create a valley

Front 42

Horst

Back 42

Uplifted block between two faults

Front 43

Hot Spot

Back 43

Volcanic Activity

Front 44

Lava

Back 44

Molten magma

Front 45

Mantle Plume

Back 45

Magma almost rises to surface

Front 46

Oceanic Trenches

Back 46

Deep depression

Front 47

Offset Stream

Back 47

Stream displaced by lateral movement along fault

Front 48

Plate Tectonics

Back 48

Movement of continents

Front 49

Rift Valley

Back 49

Fault produced depression

Front 50

Seafloor Spreading

Back 50

Pulling apart of ocean floor and rises magma to surface

Front 51

Transform Boundary

Back 51

2 plates slip past each other

Front 52

Tsunami

Back 52

Ocean wave due to earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption

Front 53

Volcanism

Back 53

Magma to sueface

Front 54

Examples of divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries.

Back 54

Divergent: Midocean ridge

Convergent: Oceanic subduction

Transform: Fault

Front 55

How was crater lake, oregon formed?

Back 55

Collapse of a volcano

Front 56

Flood basalt and columnar basalt

Back 56

Build up of lava

Front 57

Evidence used to verify seafloor spreading

Back 57

Magma rises, new basaltic floor, spreads

Front 58

What is "Pacific Ring of Fire" and why does it exist

Back 58

Volcanoes underwater, surrounded by plate boundaries

Front 59

Theory of continental drift and who proposed it?

Back 59

Pangea moved apart, Wegner

Front 60

How Pangea broke up

Back 60

Mantle convection

Front 61

Landforms formed by mantle plumes

Back 61

Islands, floor basalt, provinces

Front 62

How earthquakes occur

Back 62

When a rock breaks along a fault

Front 63

Avalanche

Back 63

Mass of snow/ice.rocks falling

Front 64

Bedrock

Back 64

Solid rock

Front 65

Carbonation

Back 65

CO2 in water reacts with carbonate

Front 66

Cavern

Back 66

Large opening/cave

Front 67

Debris Flow

Back 67

Mudflow with large boulders

Front 68

Denudation

Back 68

Weathering and erosion that lowers surface

Front 69

Earthflow

Back 69

Water saturated slope moves down hill

Front 70

Erosion

Back 70

Removal/transportation of fragmented rock material

Front 71

Exfoliation

Back 71

Curved layers peel off bedrock

Front 72

Fall

Back 72

Rockfall

Front 73

Fault

Back 73

Rock structure forceably broken

Front 74

Frost Shattering

Back 74

Rocks crack at 0 celcius

Front 75

Frost Wedging

Back 75

Water freezes into ice in rock cracks which breaks apart rock

Front 76

Hydrolysis

Back 76

Water and substance equals weaker than original

Front 77

Joint

Back 77

Cracks in bedrock due to stress

Front 78

Mass Wasting

Back 78

Downslope of weathered rock

Front 79

Oxidation

Back 79

O2 and metallic substance

Front 80

Salt Wedging

Back 80

Rock decinigration due to crystalization of salts

Front 81

Slump

Back 81

Slope collapsed slide

Front 82

Soil Creep

Back 82

Rock/soil downfall

Front 83

Solifluction

Back 83

Thawing of permafrost

Front 84

Talus

Back 84

Rocks that fall downslope

Front 85

Biological Weathering

Back 85

Plant roots in cracks

Front 86

Chemical Weathering

Back 86

Decomposition of rock, chemical alter

Front 87

Mechanical Weathering

Back 87

Physical descinigration

Front 88

Compare soil creep with solifluction

Back 88

Both a type of creep, happens of slopes

Front 89

Why is clay a good facilitator of mass wasting?

Back 89

Absorbs water

Front 90

Concept of denuation

Back 90

Wearing of earth surface, reduces elevation

Front 91

Weather/climate conditions most favorable for mass wasting

Back 91

High elevation

Front 92

Chemical weathering relies on what substance?

Back 92

Oxygen

Front 93

Compare slope to talus cones

Back 93

Rockfall vs. debris build up

Front 94

Alluvuium

Back 94

Stream deposited sediment

Front 95

Base level

Back 95

Lowest level and can erode

Front 96

Bedload

Back 96

Sand, gravel, and large rocks in stream

Front 97

Capacity

Back 97

Maximum load stream can transport

Front 98

Delta

Back 98

Mouth of river

Front 99

Discharge

Back 99

Volume of flow

Front 100

Dissolved load

Back 100

Salt dissolved in water

Front 101

Drainage basin

Back 101

Overland flood, groundwater to stream

Front 102

Drainage divide

Back 102

Separation of runoff to two basins

Front 103

Entrenched Meander

Back 103

Winding stream valley

Front 104

Ephemeral stream

Back 104

Carries water only during wet season

Front 105

Exotic stream

Back 105

Flows into dry region

Front 106

Floodplain

Back 106

Flat valley floor covered by sediment

Front 107

Fluvial processes

Back 107

Running water on surface of earth

Front 108

Intermittent stream

Back 108

Carries water only during wet season

Front 109

Kickpoint

Back 109

Sharp irregularity

Front 110

Meandering channel

Back 110

Highly twisted/looped

Front 111

Natural Levee

Back 111

Embankment of ground fringing

Front 112

Oxbow Lake

Back 112

Cutoff/ holds water

Front 113

Perennial Stream

Back 113

Permenant stream

Front 114

Runoff

Back 114

Flows from land to sea

Front 115

Saltation

Back 115

Particle transport of fluid

Front 116

Stream load

Back 116

solid matter carried by stream

Front 117

Stream order

Back 117

Drainage network

Front 118

Suspended load

Back 118

Clay and silt that never touches stream bed

Front 119

Yazoo stream

Back 119

Unable to enter main stream

Front 120

Differentiate between perennial, intermittent, ephemeral, and exotic.

Back 120

Year round

Shallow, brief

Usually dry

Crosses desert

Front 121

How are oxbow lakes formed

Back 121

Meander becomes narrow and river cuts in

Front 122

Largest river in the world with a delta and without a delta

Back 122

Gagnes and Amazon

Front 123

How are stream orders calculated and most numerous stream order

Back 123

Location of reach, 4

Front 124

Difference between saltation and traction

Back 124

Bounce vs. roll/slide

Front 125

Factors that affect the erosive effectiveness of a stream

Back 125

Velocity and deposition

Front 126

Relationship between natural levees and yazoo stream

Back 126

Made by flooding, prevent yazoo from joining main channel

Front 127

Differenciate between splash and sheet erosion

Back 127

Breaks up soil

Removes soil