Geography Key Words

Front 1

What is EMPLOYMENT?

Back 1

it is the term used to describe paid work.

Front 2

What are the FOUR types of work industries?

Back 2

1. Primary
2. Secondary Industries
3. Tertiary Industries
4. Quaternary Industries

Front 3

What is the EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE?

Back 3

It is the % of people working in each of these 4 types of industries.

Front 4

What is the PRIMARY SECTOR activities?

Back 4

These involve the extraction of raw materials to be supplied to other industries.

Front 5

What is the SECONDARY SECTOR activities?

Back 5

These are where raw materials are assembled or manufactured to produce finished goods.

Front 6

What is the TERTIARY SECTOR activities?

Back 6

These are jobs which involve providing goods and services for the public.

Front 7

What is the QUATERNARY SECTOR activities?

Back 7

These include people who provide specialist information and expertise to all the above sectors.

Front 8

What is the FORMAL SECTOR?

Back 8

These jobs are often controlled by the government or companies.

Front 9

What is the INFORMAL SECTOR?

Back 9

These jobs are ones where you don't pay taxes and often people find work for themselves.

Front 10

What is a LIC?

Back 10

LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
Occur largely in central Africa and in South and South East Asia

Front 11

What is a MIC?

Back 11

LOWER and UPPER MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
These two groups are most common in south America, North and South Africa, parts of the middle East, Eastern Europe and Asia.

Front 12

What is a HIC?

Back 12

HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES
Found mainly in North America, Western Europe and Australasia.

Front 13

What is PRIMARY ENERGY?

Back 13

Fuels that provide energy without undergoing any conversion process eg. coal, oil, wood.

Front 14

What is SECONDARY ENERGY

Back 14

eg. petrol, diesel, electricity which are made by processing (changing) primary fuels.

Front 15

What is NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY?

Back 15

Non-renewable energy sources are finite. This means they cannot be replaced once they have been exhausted.

Front 16

What are FOSSIL FUELS

Back 16

They have been formed from the fossilized remains of prehistoric animals and plants.

Front 17

What is ABSTRACTION?

Back 17

is the REMOVAL of water from a RIVER, LAKE or GROUNDWATER for human use.

Front 18

What is the WATERSHED?

Back 18

is the DIVIDING LINE between one DRAINAGE BASIN and another.

Front 19

What is an INTERLOCKING SPUR?

Back 19

is a series of ridges projecting out on alternate sides of a valley and around which river winds its course.

Front 20

What is meant by the ENERGY GAP?

Back 20

it is the difference between a countries RISING DEMAND for ENERGY and its ability to PRODUCE the energy it NEEDS.

Front 21

What are the key words for a ZONE OF TRANSITION? (3)
[Burgess model of land use]

Back 21

CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD)
INNER CITY - zone of transition
SUBURBS

Front 22

What is a MEGA-CITY?

Back 22

a city with a population of over ten million people.

most MEGACITIES are found in the continent of NORTH and SOUTH AMERICA, having cities like SAO PAULO + NEW YORK

Front 23

What is URBANISATON?

Back 23

it's the growth of towns and cities --> increasing proportion of countries population living in a URBAN AREA.

Front 24

Why does SÃO PAULO have RAPID URBANISATION?
[PUSH (5) & PULL (6) FACTORS]

Back 24

PUSH FACTORS:
1. not enough JOBS
2. FEW opportunities
3. NATURAL disasters - drought etc.
4. shortage of FOOD
5. UNHAPPY life

PULL FACTORS:
1. BETTER way of life
2. HIGHER chances of JOBS - 40% of BRAZIL'S factories in SÃO PAULO
3. IMPROVED living conditions
4. EDUCATION
5. BETTER housing
6. medical care

Front 25

What types of SAMPLING STRATEGIES are there? (3)

Back 25

1. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING - this is at EQUAL intervals.
2. RANDOM SAMPLING
3. PRASMATIC - sensible and practical as you can make small changes.

Front 26

Data Presentation Techniques:
1. PICTOGRAM
2. CHLOROPLETH MAP
3. BAR GRAPH
4. LINE GRAPH

Back 26

1. This clearly shows you the AGE.
2. This shows you LAND USE.
3. This shows you the HEIGHT.
4. This shows you ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.

Front 27

What is a BROWNFIELD SITE?

Back 27

land that has been previously used --> unused so ready to be used.

Front 28

What is a GREENFIELD SITE?

Back 28

land that has not been used for URBAN DEVELOPMENT.

Front 29

What is PHYSICAL WEATHERING?

Back 29

This breaks rock down into smaller pieces. it is done by changes in temperature and by rainfall freezing and thawing in rock cracks.

Front 30

What is CHEMICAL WEATHERING?

Back 30

This causes rock to decay and disintegrate. It is largely done by slightly acidic rainfall sleeping into porous rock.

Front 31

What is BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING?

Back 31

The rocks of plans, especially tress, growing in cracks in the rocks gradually split the rock apart.

Front 32

What is SLUMPING?

Back 32

is when the bottom of a valley side slope is cut away by the river flowing at its base --> making the slope UNSTABLE

Front 33

What is SOIL CREEP?

Back 33

weather material moves slowly down slope under the influence of gravity. It collects at the bottom of the valley side and is eroded by the river

Front 34

What is HYDRAULIC ACTION?

Back 34

Water hits the river bed and banks with such force that material is dislodged and carried away --> good when high amounts of discharge

Front 35

What is ABRASION?

Back 35

The material being carried by a river is rubbed against the sides and floor of the channel. This “sandpaper” action widens and deepens the channel.

Front 36

What is CORROSION?

Back 36

Minerals in the rocks forming the sides of the river channel are dissolved by the water flowing past them.

Front 37

What is the HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE? + KEY WORDS (11)

Back 37

it recycles fresh water between the land, air and sea.
1. PRECIPITATION - rain, snow etc.
2. SURFACE RUNOFF - water flowing accross the ground.
3. INCEPTION - when water collects objects on its way.
4. INFILTRATION - when water soaks into the ground.
5. THROUGHFLOW - water soaks into soil seeping towards a RIVER or the SEA.
6. PERCOLATION - the action of water moving down through the earth.
7. GROUNDWATER FLOW - the movement of water below the water table.
8. EVAPORATION - water heated by the sun becomes vapor and rises into the atmosphere.
9. TRANSPIRATION - water from plant leaves leave into the atmosphere.
10. CONDENSATION - water vapor --> water droplets
11.WATER TABLE - the upper level of saturate ground.

Front 38

What is URBAN RENEWAL?

Back 38

it is the attempt to regenerate the inner city through industrial, housing and community schemes.

Front 39

What was the LONDON DOCKLANDS like 100 years ago? (5)

Back 39

1. Steam ships
2. Importing and exporting
3. Many boats
4. A lot of activity
5. Ships from all over the world

Front 40

Why did the DOCKLANDS DECLINE? (3)

Back 40

1. As boats became large the Thames become shallower because of the build up of silt.
2. Containerisation meant that fewer dockers were needed
3. A general decline in manufacturing meant docks weren’t needed, some industries were bombed and because of decline meant that they replaced the damage with housing.

Front 41

While the DOCKLANDS DECLINED what happened?

Back 41

- 1970-1980
30,000 jobs lost!

- 1981
50% of Docklands DERELICT (over 1000 hectares)

21% UNEMPLOYMENT; male unemployment was 24% (twice the national average).

One third of HOUSING unsatisfactory for human habitation

Inadequate INFRASTRUCTURE of roads, rail, telephone and cable lines; the Docklands was kept deliberately inaccessible to protect the goods that were being stored.

Front 42

What is the LONDON DOCKLANDS an example of?

Back 42

urban regeneration/urban renewal

Front 43

What is SUBURBANISATION?

Back 43

the outward spread of the urban area, often at towers densities compared with the older parts of a town or city

Front 44

What is ECOTOURISM?

Back 44

a type of tourism that aims to conserve fragile ecosystems and ensure that its benefits (jobs, income) stay within the local area.

Front 45

What is a STORM HYDROGRAPH?

Back 45

a graph showing changes to the discharge of a river after a storm/rainfall.

Front 46

What is LAG TIME?

Back 46

is the time between a peak rainfall and peak discharge i.e. it take time for rain water to reach the river.

Front 47

What is a HAZARD?

Back 47

Is defined as an event that threatens or actually causes damage and destruction to people, their property and settlement.

Front 48

What is a NATURAL HAZARD?

Back 48

is one produced by environmental processes and involves events such as storms, floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Front 49

What is the TRANSECT

Back 49

is where a study is made along a certain path

e.g. Chichester, UK

Front 50

What is NATURAL CHANGE?

Back 50

depends on the balance of birth rates to death rates

more births than deaths =

population increase

more deaths than births =

population decrease

Front 51

what is FORCED MIGRATION?

Back 51

the coerced (foced) movement of a person or people away from their home or home region

Front 52

What is a TNC?

Back 52

Transnational Corporation - a company that has operations in more than one country (e.g. nike)