Geography Final: Overview & Hispanic Diaspora

Front 1

What are the 5 themes of geography?

Back 1

Natural/physical environment, human-environmental, place, movement, and location/spatial.

Front 2

Define the natural/physical environment theme of geography.

Back 2

Has to do with the spheres of the Earth, and how it is naturally formed – this can have to do with climate, bodies of water, arable land, etc.

Front 3

Define the human-environmental theme of geography.

Back 3

Has to do with humans transforming natural or built environments.

Front 4

Define the place theme of geography.

Back 4

Has to do with humans assigning meaning to a given location; can occur on a global, national, or local level; can occur economically, culturally, or strategically.

Front 5

Define the movement theme of geography.

Back 5

Has to do with the flow of energy, goods, information, and people from one place to another – this impacts the origin, destination, and places in between.

Front 6

Define the locational/spatial theme of geography.

Back 6

Has to do with maps; can either be absolute or relative.

Front 7

Define race.

Back 7

A social construction that justifies racial classification without biological merit.

Front 8

Define acculturation.

Back 8

A process in which two cultures interact and members adopt some of the cultural traits of the other group.

Front 9

Define assimilation.

Back 9

A process in which one culture is absorbed by another, implying a loss of their cultural traits in favor of the host culture.

Front 10

What is the difference between acculturation and assimilation?

Back 10

Acculturation allows the group to retain cultural distinction and assimilation does not.

Front 11

Define transnationalism.

Back 11

An immigrant culture that experiences acculturation with the host while also feeling ties to their country of origin.

Front 12

Define cultural geography.

Back 12

Patterns or interactions of human culture, material and nonmaterial, in relation to the natural environment and the human organization of space.

Front 13

What are the 3 elements of culture?

Back 13

Social institutions, ideology, and technology.

Front 14

Define social institution.

Back 14

The means by which cultures perpetuate and protect their values; they are designed to maintain what is important to the culture.

Front 15

Define ideology.

Back 15

A belief system including religion, way of life, customs, and traditions.

Front 16

Define technology.

Back 16

Tools or equipment that can promote mobility and change in a society; tools for living, communicating, and transforming.

Front 17

Define racial classification.

Back 17

A frame of thought based on “difference” used to justify white domination in the US.

Front 18

Define racialism.

Back 18

The idea that one race is inferior to the other.

Front 19

Define racialization.

Back 19

The process of establishing that a group is physically and mentally unequal to the host group, leading to dehumanization and discrimination.

Front 20

Define WASP.

Back 20

White, anglo-saxon protestant.

Front 21

What are the 3 P's of culture?

Back 21

Pride, prejudice, and place.

Front 22

Define ethnicity.

Back 22

A social construct established by a group itself.

Front 23

Define ethnic geography.

Back 23

The study of the role of ethnic movements, adjustments, and behaviors in geographic ethnic settlement patterns resulting from voluntary decisions.

Front 24

Define racial geography.

Back 24

The study of geographic movements that result from racial classification used to govern the movements of ethnic groups, access to resources.

Front 25

What is the difference between ethnic and racial geography?

Back 25

Ethnic geography studies voluntary movements, while racial geography studies involuntary movements.

Front 26

Define topophilia.

Back 26

Sentiment towards a place, especially a homeland.

Front 27

Define the push-pull hypothesis.

Back 27

Explains the reasoning behind movement, reasons to move to a place, and reasons to leave it.

Front 28

Define social networks.

Back 28

These ties between friends and relatives in different places develop and influence future flows from a specific origin.

Front 29

Name the 3 waves of European immigration and describe the time periods they occurred in.

Back 29

1830-1860 Canal Era; 1860-1890 Rail Era; 1900-1941 Pre-WWI Era.

Front 30

Who immigrated from Europe during the 1830-1860 Canal Era?

Back 30

Northern and Western Europeans.

Front 31

Who immigrated from Europe during the 1860-1890 Rail Era?

Back 31

Northern Europeans and Scandinavians.

Front 32

Who immigrated from Europe during the 1900-1914 Pre-WWI Era?

Back 32

Eastern Europeans, Italians, and Russians. These were new, unique ethnic groups. Political and economic turmoil pushed them out of their countries.

Front 33

How has the immigration of the last 50 years been bifurcated?

Back 33

Most immigrants are either poor, desperate refugees, or those with capital, job skills, or family in the US.

Front 34

Define geographic space.

Back 34

Distribution of Earth's surfaces.

Front 35

What is the Burgess model?

Back 35

A model depicting the social mobility of moving up and moving out, involving concentric zones around a specific area – especially Chicago.

Front 36

Define straight-line assimilation.

Back 36

A way of assimilating in which immigrants follow a specific locational path.

Front 37

Define segmented assimilation.

Back 37

A more roundabout to assimilation than straight-line assimilation.

Front 38

What are the 5 types of social institutions?

Back 38

Educational, governmental, political, market, and socio-cultural.

Front 39

In general, what types of new landscapes did did economic growth and technology post WWII contribute to?

Back 39

Immigration and federally supported housing reform after WWII led to population growth, affluence, and the establishment of inner and outer suburbs. Smaller suburbs began to compete with their surrounding cities. Poor immigrants headed to metro and rural areas. The “American Dream” of consumption and consumerism was also established.

Front 40

What specific challenges did the US face after WWII?

Back 40

The war in Vietnam, the energy crisis, and inflation/recession.

Front 41

What did globalization result in for the US job market?

Back 41

A shift towards service jobs instead of manufacturing.

Front 42

Are there other options for assimilation besides segmented assimilation and straight-line assimilation?

Back 42

Yes; there are many paths towards assimilation. Some groups also do not assimilate.

Front 43

Why do enclaves form in general?

Back 43

Group unity and economic reasons.

Front 44

Define “aestheticization of consumption”.

Back 44

The altering of specific goods to reflect a specific culture and reinforce culture differences.

Front 45

After the civil war, did racial prejudice increase or decrease? Give specific examples.

Back 45

Increased: social darwinism, eugenics, anti-miscegenation laws, Jim Crow laws.

Front 46

In general, what happens with foreign workers?

Back 46

Usually, foreign workers are welcomed to meet a labor demand, but then rejected and blamed when the economy tanks.

Front 47

Define culture.

Back 47

The way of life of a group.

Front 48

Define cultural continuity.

Back 48

Culture that is maintained throughout language and history.

Front 49

Define cultural landscape.

Back 49

A transformed, visible cultural pattern.

Front 50

Define hegemony.

Back 50

The use of an ethnocentricity to justify privilege.

Front 51

Define prejudice.

Back 51

An attitude about a group.

Front 52

Give examples of the ideology of the American culture. Who came up with these motifs?

Back 52

Freedom, individualism, mobility, change, Messianic perfectionism, world vision, etc. Zelinsky.

Front 53

Define globalization.

Back 53

The linking of the global economy.

Front 54

Define gateway.

Back 54

A common city of entry for immigrants, usually a port.

Front 55

Define network.

Back 55

A path between two points, can be social or transportational.

Front 56

Define multicultural geographies.

Back 56

The study of ethnic and racial geographies.

Front 57

In general, how does the US education system treat its multicultural past?

Back 57

The education system does not do the multicultural past justice.

Front 58

How did the US government retaliate to the new, 3rd wave of immigration (the 1900-1914 Pre-WWII era)?

Back 58

It passed the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921, and the Immigration Act of 1924 (which had the clear intention of restricting Eastern and Southern Europeans immediately, and ending the entry of all Asians immediately).

Front 59

What was the 1965 Immigration & Nationality Act (AKA the Hart-Celler Act)?

Back 59

This essentially abolished the quota system. There were still quotas, but immigrants coming to join family in the US didn't count. It resulted in more diversity.

Front 60

What is a “green card”?

Back 60

An immigrant or non-immigrant visa to live in the USA.

Front 61

What is the difference between an immigrant and a refugee?

Back 61

Immigrants have a planned future, refugees do not.

Front 62

What is the US's reputation for helping refugees? How many refugees does it accept annually compared to other nations?

Back 62

It has a reputation for helping refugees. Though, the cap on refugees has been lowered since 9/11. It accepts double the number of refugees as other nations.

Front 63

What is the difference between a LPR (lawful permanent resident) and a refugee?

Back 63

LPRs are restricted from public service for five years, while refugees are required to use public service.

Front 64

What type of area do refugees mostly settle in?

Back 64

Metropolitan areas.

Front 65

When refugees do not settle in metropolitan areas, what is their impact like?

Back 65

Huge.

Front 66

What 3 options did the 1951 UN Refugee Convention establish for refugees?

Back 66

1 – going home, 2 – staying in their country of asylum, 3 – relocating to a 3rd country.

Front 67

What was the Displaced Persons Act of 1948? Who did it help?

Back 67

This was the 1st refugee legislation in the US. It helped Post WWII Europeans and victims of communist regimes.

Front 68

What was the 1975 Indochinese refugee task force?

Back 68

This helped immigrants from India and China.

Front 69

What was the Refugee Act of 1980?

Back 69

This systematized the refugee system in the US. It recognized the UN as the authority for refugees. It also authorized funding for refugees and permitted them permanent status after 1 year.

Front 70

What was the Mariel Boatlift?

Back 70

Cubans coming to South Florida by boat.

Front 71

Describe the wet-foot-dry-fot policy.

Back 71

This is the US's current policy towards Cubans, meaning if they make it to the US, they may stay, but they will be deported if they are found on water.

Front 72

What is the international priority system for refugees? (This is the first step towards becoming a refugee.)

Back 72

It involves 3 priorities, the first being for those in imminent danger, the second for those of special humanitarian concern, and the third for close family members of already-departed refugees.

Front 73

What does OPE stand for? What is an example of one of these?

Back 73

Overseas processing entities; an example is the IOM (International Organization for Migration).

Front 74

What are volags? What types of communities do they create for refugees?

Back 74

Voluntary agencies that help refugees; they typically form concentrated areas of refugees. They play a huge role in helping refugees.

Front 75

What are the 3 waves of refugees coming to the US? When did they occur, and where did they settle?

Back 75

1983-1991 Cold War Period, NY/LA; 1991-2000 Balkans Period, NY/LA; 2000-2004 Civil Conflict Period, Diverse.

Front 76

What two states do most refugees settle in?

Back 76

California & New York.

Front 77

Which ethnicities of refugees go to Chicago, Northeastern Cities, and Washington respectively?

Back 77

Chicago is European, Asian, and Middle-Eastern, Northeastern cities are diverse, Washington is African.

Front 78

Do refugee populations fall in line with foreign born populations?

Back 78

No.

Front 79

What are the top 3 cities where refugees settle?

Back 79

NYC, LA, and Chicago.

Front 80

What is LA like for refugees?

Back 80

There is a strong refugee program here that has a long history and infastructure. The Vietnamese and Cambodians have revitalized Chinatown.

Front 81

What is Utica, NY like for refugees?

Back 81

Utica has an aging population, but refugees are turning it around.

Front 82

What is St. Louis, MO like for refugees?

Back 82

St. Louis is slow-growing, but it has a long history with refugees, a reasonable cost of living, and local organizations to support them.

Front 83

What is Wausau, WI like for refugees?

Back 83

The refugees here are largely Hmong. It used to be very white and proved a difficult adjustment, but it ended up working.

Front 84

What are some factors for success in integrating refugees?

Back 84

Size of city, labor markets, healthcare, housing, and schools.

Front 85

Define social construction. Explain why race is a social construct.

Back 85

A social construction is a created view. Race is a social construction because it is not founded in science nor reason.

Front 86

How do prejudice and privilege relate to geographic space?

Back 86

They define the resources that are open to societal groups and where they are welcome to live.

Front 87

What is the difference between space and place?

Back 87

Space is macro, place is micro.

Front 88

How do pre-War and post-War immigration laws typically differ?

Back 88

Post-War immigration laws are typically more welcoming, pre-war immigration laws were typically less welcoming.

Front 89

What was the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952?

Back 89

It adopted a more tolerant approach to people coming into the US; people were sympathetic towards those who fell “victim” to communism.

Front 90

How have L-1 and H-1B visas contributed to the changes in diversity since 1990?

Back 90

These visas support non-immigrant entry. The L-1 visa supports branch operations with foreign employees. H-1B visas are for non-permanent skilled and educated immigrants. Both can apply for permanent residency after a certain number of years.

Front 91

What factors influence the US decision to resettle particular refugees?

Back 91

Kinship/religious/ethnic ties, sense of guilt/obligation, urgent human rights violations, desire to encourage “burden sharing”.

Front 92

In 1956, when Hungary was overpowered by the Soviet Union, the US refugee program used the “parole” powers of the US attorney general to provide temporary admissions to Hungarians on humanitarian reasons. What other groups were admitted on this basis later?

Back 92

Southeast Asians.

Front 93

Since 1975, what two groups have accounted for more than three-quarters of the 2.4m refugees entering the US?

Back 93

Indochinese & those from former Soviet Union.

Front 94

What is the difference between US policy towards Cubans and Haitians fleeing their countries for the US?

Back 94

Cubans are allowed the wet-foot-dry-foot policy, while Haitians must demonstrate a fear of persecution no matter where they are intercepted.

Front 95

What is the Lautenberg Amendment (now called the Specter Amendment)?

Back 95

This made it so that people were only required to provide evidence of the possibility of persecution, rather than its actual occurrence.

Front 96

Name two of the key agencies that play roles in where refugees are settled are.

Back 96

DHS (Department of Homeland Security) & MAAs (Mutual Assistance Associations).

Front 97

What does the US refugee resettlement program promote?

Back 97

Early economic self-sufficiency.

Front 98

Despite diversity of origins, two nations account for the majority of refugee entries from 1983-2004.

Back 98

Soviet Union & Vietnamese.

Front 99

What factor influenced the relocation of refugee Cambodians and Laotians to Greensboro, NC?

Back 99

They were attracted to factory jobs.

Front 100

What factors besides economic factors influence the relocation of refugees?

Back 100

Ethnic/religious ties, family, better welfare benefits, or better climate.

Front 101

Two gateway metros (NYC and LA) attract the largest numbers of refugees. How do their refugee streams differ?

Back 101

NYC hosts primarily people from the Soviet Union, LA hosts primarily people from Southeast Asia, the former USSR, and “Other Asia”.

Front 102

Some metro regions have surprisingly larger numbers of refugee entries than expected. This recent surge has contributed to “re-emerging gateways.” Name at least two.

Back 102

Seattle, San Jose, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Sacramento, Portland, OR.

Front 103

A surprising number of small metro areas have attracted refugees that constitute a significant percent of their total foreign-born populations. What two New York small metros fit this category?

Back 103

Utica-Rome & Binghamton.

Front 104

“Refugees from similar origins often concentrate in certain metropolitan areas.” Identify the places where Iranians and Cubans settled.

Back 104

Iranians settled in LA; Cubans in Miami.

Front 105

Describe ethnic trends in the United States since 1940.

Back 105

The African-American population has changed little in percentage of the total population, those of Asian ethnic descent are still a small percent of the total population, but had the largest growth between 1970 and 2000, Hispanics and Latinos have become America's largest minorty group, and there is increasing cultural/ethnic diversity within each of the major non-Anglo groups.

Front 106

Historically, how did scientists search for racial differences among the population?

Back 106

Visual indicators: skin color, eye shape, skull size, hair shape.

Front 107

Compare the use of infant mortality statistics to justify racial differences to subsequent claims that blacks are often physically superior to whites.

Back 107

Infant mortality rates were much higher among blacks due to poverty. Only the strongest black babies were able to survive. This is survival of the fittest.

Front 108

Skin color was often used to “measure” race. Broad geographical distinctions in skin color were used for such generalizations, such as the case of Norway and the tropics. What do these generalizations miss or ignore regarding skin color between these two areas?

Back 108

These generalizations fail to encompass the fact that even though Norway and the tropics have different skin colors, there is kind of a spectrum. There are many different skin colors in between. It would be impossible to discern where the “dark skin” ends and the “light skin” begins. It has to do with climate and adapting to that.

Front 109

What were the expectations of the students in the study from “The Difference Between Us”? What did the study results show?

Back 109

The students expected that their DNA would be most similar to people of their own race, and least similar to people of other races. However, this was not the case. On the whole there was very little difference between the students and some were even most similar to students of races.

Front 110

Why is the position that “sickle cell disease is a racial trait” a misconception?

Back 110

Sickle-cell trait is common among areas because people with sickle cell trait are less likely to be affected by malaria.

Front 111

What are “superficial traits” and what is their concordance with the more complicated traits?

Back 111

Superficial traits are traits that affect appearance, such as skin color. These traits have no concordance with the more complicated traits.

Front 112

What does the term “racial smog” imply?

Back 112

It implies there is almost a pollution of racism in America. Racist social constructs have clouded our way of thinking and interacting with each other.

Front 113

Who were the canal builders in Chicago and how were they viewed by Chicago's Protestant elite?

Back 113

The Irish were despised and viewed as dumb and evil.

Front 114

The Irish accepted land as compensation for their work. What unplanned community became and remained the spiritual center of Chicago's Irish?

Back 114

Bridgeport.

Front 115

Ogden changed bets by investing not in canals and land by raising 350,000 to invest in what new transportation technology that would trigger an economic revolution there?

Back 115

Railroads.

Front 116

What was one of the first factories to open in Chicago and what impacts did it have?

Back 116

The reaper made harvesting wheat easier. Farmers started selling wheat through the rail system.

Front 117

What was Chicago's position in the American rail system in the late 19th century U.S.?

Back 117

Railroad hub,

Front 118

Chicago had become the center of the wheat/grain industry but it was moving westward. Chicago's location on the southern tip of Lake Michigan made it possible to become the largest producer of another raw material. What was it and where was it stored?

Back 118

Lumber, lumber yards.

Front 119

As technology positioned Chicago as a hub and an industrial center in 1860s America, what was happening to the City's environment? Describe the congestion, debris, and air quality.

Back 119

Low quality. Lots of people living in one place. Poor quality. Debris all over the streets.

Front 120

Railroads brought new immigrants to Chicago in the 1850s in overwhelming numbers. They became butcher, metal workers, and furniture makers. What new group was the largest group and how did they compare to the Irish status?

Back 120

Germans, fit in better than Irish, stayed “one step ahead” in moving.

Front 121

What role did Philip Armour play in 1860s Chicago?

Back 121

He created the commodity, used ice, the Herford Wheel, and assembly line, and created a global industry.

Front 122

What was Chicago's foremost tourist attraction, representing the “new, modern Industrial revolution?”

Back 122

Slaughterhouse.

Front 123

Who did P. Palmer and Marshall Field represent?

Back 123

They represented women coming out to the stores to shop.

Front 124

The Chicago elite cared little for its immigrant population. Boone was elected mayor on an anti-immigration platform. What particular actions were directed at these immigrants and why?

Back 124

For Germans, liquor was banned on Sundays. For the Irish, the price of saloons was raised.

Front 125

Where did the elite consume liquor on Sunday?

Back 125

The elite consumed liquor on Sunday in private clubs.

Front 126

What riot occurred in 1850s Chicago and what was its outcome?

Back 126

The Logger Beer Riot of 1855 resulted in the native elite being perpetually hostile towards immigrants.

Front 127

While native-born Chicagoans came to tolerate the Germans, what group retained their contempt? What did the editor of the Chicago Tribune suggest be done with them?

Back 127

The Irish retained their contempt. The editor of the Chicago Tribune even suggested that they should be hanged in public.

Front 128

What is unbridled capitalism?

Back 128

An uncontrolled economy; no government rules or regulations.

Front 129

What risks did Gustafus Swift take and what changes did he make in confronting specific challenges?

Back 129

He slaughtered animals in Chicago and shipped only the meat East, he set up ice depots, went through Canada, and set up shop in the East.

Front 130

As an industrial capitalist, Swift saw he could make a profit in unconventional ways. What products did he make a profit on?

Back 130

Paintbrushes, cards, shoes, tennis rackets, etc.

Front 131

Capitalists sought cost-cutting measures as crucial ways to retain profits. In what two ways were costs reduced in the 1880s?

Back 131

Wages were cut, and production was increased.

Front 132

Who were Chicago's new immigrants after the Germans and Irish and how did capitalists use them against the Irish and German workers?

Back 132

The Scandinavians; new workers could quickly be hired if anyone quit their jobs.

Front 133

Describe the living environment of Packingtown.

Back 133

Crowded, dirty, dangerous, awful air quality, garbage & waste, dangerous yards/railroads.

Front 134

What roles did saloons play for the Irish? What was the difference between those on the main streets and those on the side streets?

Back 134

The saloons fed lunch to workers on break from work; the saloons on the side streets were strictly ethnic.

Front 135

How did the railroad corporations respond to the 1877 depression?

Back 135

Railroad corporations responded to the depression by lowering wages.

Front 136

How did workers see themselves in Packingtown?

Back 136

Wage slaves.

Front 137

On May 4, a peaceful rally erupted into what event? How did the press and capitalists respond?

Back 137

Haymarket Affair. Capitalists cracked down on unions, the press blamed anarchists and alarmed many people.

Front 138

What three social institutions supported immigrants in Chicago and how?

Back 138

Saloons were places to gather and even residences for the homeless, church gave children stability and allowed for easier transitions to American life, savings and loans provided mortgages for immigrants.

Front 139

How did European immigrants residing in ethnic neighborhoods of Chicago measure their success?

Back 139

Through their children's social mobility.

Front 140

What were the Entradas?

Back 140

A settlement tragedy that prevented Russia and France from taking land in North America.

Front 141

After the Entradas, what was the Anglo-influence?

Back 141

The US overtook Texas and California.

Front 142

What were the results of manifest destiny?

Back 142

After Mexican independence in 1821, there was contested space – the republic of Texas was annexed in 1845, resulting in the Mexican War of 1846.

Front 143

What were the results of the Mexican War of 1846?

Back 143

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, and the “Mexican Cession” lands were added to the US.

Front 144

What was the Gadsden Purchase of 1853?

Back 144

The US paid $10 million for 29 million square miles. Mexico shrank by ½, and the US took in 80-100k new citizens.

Front 145

After 1854, how did the Mexican-American economy grow?

Back 145

Slowly, but America required hard, cheap labor supply. American capitalism was growing.

Front 146

What major factor pushed Mexicans towards the US from 1854-1920?

Back 146

The 1910 Mexican revolution.

Front 147

What kinds of jobs did Mexicans find in the Us from 1854-1920?

Back 147

Railroad, mines, factories, and agricultural.

Front 148

How was irrigation encouraged in the West in 1902? Which industries were in which specific states?

Back 148

It was encouraged through legislation. Citrus and cotton in TX/AZ, beet sugar in CO/KA/NE, truck farming in CA.

Front 149

What factor continued to be a push for Mexicans in the 1920s?

Back 149

Poverty / political strife.

Front 150

What sentiment defined the 1920s for Americans towards Mexicans?

Back 150

Nativism despite a continued need for labor (this was met by Asians.)

Front 151

What was the Bracero Program?

Back 151

Mexicans were brought to work in the US after WWII temporarily to meet labor demands. It resulted in expansion in the west, and provided for future illegal immigration.

Front 152

What were the differences between the 1921, 1924, and 1927 Immigration Acts?

Back 152

The 1921 legislation favored Northern and Western Europeans, the 1924 was even more restrictive especially towards Asians, and the 1927 lowered the cap even further, and eventually restricted Mexican immigration.

Front 153

By 1930, what were the Mexicans associated with economically?

Back 153

The Mexicans were associated with the depression.

Front 154

When did border patrol start and how did it work?

Back 154

Border patrol started in 1925 – prior to that, they were greeted at the border. Even after 1925, the officers felt no need to restrict immigration.

Front 155

Define repatriation.

Back 155

The forcing of Mexicans back to Mexico, even established Mexican-American citizens.

Front 156

What did Hoover do in 1929 against Mexicans?

Back 156

Eliminated visas, boosted border patrol, raided dance halls/social clubs, etc.

Front 157

What were the zoot suit riots?

Back 157

These broke out during WWII between American soldiers and Latino youths who were identifiable by the zoot suits they wore.

Front 158

What were barrios?

Back 158

Barrios were Mexican neighborhoods; barrio literally translates to neighborhood.

Front 159

When did Mexican immigration peak from 1900-1950?

Back 159

It peaked twice, in the 1920s and in the 1950s.

Front 160

In the 1950s, how did business leaders see illegal immigrants?

Back 160

Business people sought out illegal immigrants because the process to move legally was long, tedious, and bureaucratic.

Front 161

What was Operation Wetback?

Back 161

Operation Wetback took place in 1954 was meant to repatriate Mexicans to Mexico. It resulted in lots of pressure, and had short term effects.

Front 162

Since when were Puerto Ricans living in the US?

Back 162

1830s.

Front 163

What was the Puerto Rican center in the US in the 1940s?

Back 163

New York City.

Front 164

What social institutions supported the Puerto Ricans in the 1920s and 1930s?

Back 164

Hometown Associations supported groups from specific places, and the fraternals benefitted broader groups (it was a Puerto Rican brotherhood in New York, which served as kind of watchdogs for the entire ethnicity).

Front 165

How did the United States government and Puerto Rican government interact?

Back 165

They cooperated to facilitate migration to the US.

Front 166

What has happened to the hispanic population between 1970 and the present?

Back 166

Dramatic increase in number, and diversified.

Front 167

What are the current biggest two states for hispanics?

Back 167

CA & TX.

Front 168

Is the current hispanic population concentrated or dispersing?

Back 168

It is concentrated but dispersing.

Front 169

Which gateways are currently important for hispanics?

Back 169

NY, NJ, IL, FL, CA, TX.

Front 170

Which gateways are currently emerging for hispanics?

Back 170

NYC, Chicago, San Fransisco, Miami, DC, Suburban VA, MD, Charlotte, & Orlando.

Front 171

How do hispanics currently bypass gateways? What jobs do they find in these areas? What kinds of families do this?

Back 171

Some go to smaller cities, small towns, or rural areas. They work in food processing or agricultural work. Typically these are young families with children.

Front 172

Where are Puerto Ricans currently largely concentrated?

Back 172

New York City.

Front 173

Where are Cubans currently largely concentrated?

Back 173

Florida.

Front 174

Define multicultural city.

Back 174

A city with a greater than national % of two or more minorities.

Front 175

What was the first minority-majority state? What was the second?

Back 175

1st CA, 2nd TX.

Front 176

How is the traditional assimilation changing in cities?

Back 176

Cities are changing, straightline assimilation doesn't really work. Segmented assimilation is more common now.

Front 177

What are examples of types of hispanic and latino settlements?

Back 177

Barrios (filtering of houses), colonias (poor/small communities near the border), suburban ethnic settlements (heterolocal), and alienated urban clusters (for example, abandoned shopping centers).

Front 178

How do hispanics behave politically contemporarily?

Back 178

They are unpredictable; their vote cannot be labeled. Their political voice is also growing.

Front 179

How is the hispanic population currently bifurcated?

Back 179

64% of working age latinos are currently gainfully employed, but they have the 2nd highest poverty levels in the US (after African Americans): they are bifurcated economically.

Front 180

Who has the #1 and #2 spot for disconnected youths? What are disconnected youth?

Back 180

#1 African Americans, #2 Hispanics. Disconnected Youths are 16-22 year olds not in school and not in the work force.

Front 181

Where are hispanics disproportionately concentrated contemporarily?

Back 181

Borderlands, CA, South.

Front 182

In which 4 ways are hispanics diverse?

Back 182

Economically, politically, geographically, and ethnically.

Front 183

Which is the #1 hispanic ethnicity contemporarily? (They are also the #1 immigrant group in general.)

Back 183

Mexicans

Front 184

Why are Mexicans the #1 immigrant group in the US?

Back 184

US/Mexican legacy, proximity, demand for cheap labor, and federal policies.

Front 185

What happened in the 1990s with the hispanic immigrant population?

Back 185

There was a large influx.

Front 186

What happened to the hispanic immigrant population from the 1960s to 1970s? Why?

Back 186

It slowed due to an improved economy and a desire to return to Mexico.

Front 187

What two types of barrios are there in NYC?

Back 187

Their institutions became the backbone for hispanics living there, and these places/environment maintained hispanic ethnicity.

Front 188

What is the largest minority group in the US?

Back 188

Hispanics.

Front 189

Which states have long standing ties with Mexico?

Back 189

Borderlands, FL, NY.

Front 190

How are hispanics united?

Back 190

Language, minority status, and public image.

Front 191

Where do most hispanics live region wise?

Back 191

West & South.

Front 192

In which geographic regions is hispanic growth the fastest?

Back 192

South & Midwest.

Front 193

In which two waves did the Mexicans come to the US?

Back 193

1900-1930, pre-great depression; 1940-preset, war economy.

Front 194

What was a major catalyst for the movement of Mexicans to the US?

Back 194

Railroads.

Front 195

Which economic problem encouraged Mexicans to return to Mexico?

Back 195

The Great Depression.

Front 196

In 1980, where were Mexicans concentrated region-wise?

Back 196

Upper midwest, mountain west, pacific northwest, south.

Front 197

Give two specific examples of Mexican agricultural activity.

Back 197

Yakima River Valley & Wilamette Valley.

Front 198

What industry expanded the hispanic population in the South between 1970 and 1980?

Back 198

Agriculture.

Front 199

Despite stereotypes, in which types of areas do Mexicans largely live in the US? Give specific examples of cities.

Back 199

Metropolitan areas. Chicago, Detroit, Milwakee, East Chicago, Aurora.

Front 200

What 3 factors contribute to residential segregation for Mexicans?

Back 200

Geographic isolation, housing restriction, and voluntary congregation.

Front 201

What is the 2nd largest hispanic group in the US?

Back 201

Puerto Ricans.

Front 202

What happened to the Puerto Rican population in the 1920s? Why?

Back 202

It surged due to restriction on the number of Europeans being admitted to the US and an economic boom.

Front 203

What happened to the Puerto Rican population in the 1930s?

Back 203

Declined.

Front 204

Why was there such a huge increase in the Puerto Rican population after WW II?

Back 204

Backup from the war, serving in the war, less cost to move, population pressure in Puerto Rico, freedom to move, and Operation Bootstrap.

Front 205

What was Operation Boostrap?

Back 205

A Post WW-II measure taken to attract Puerto Ricans away from the farms to the mainland.

Front 206

What happened to the Puerto Rican population in the 1960s and 1970s? Why?

Back 206

Declined, due to scarce economic opportunity, a better standard of living in Rico.

Front 207

What happened to the Puerto Rican population in the 1980s? Why?

Back 207

Increase, unemployment in Puerto Rico, wage differentials high in Puerto Rico.

Front 208

What happened to the Puerto Rican population in the 1990s? Why?

Back 208

Slowing down, due to the Puerto Rican and US government crackdown on the Dominican Republic.

Front 209

What themes dominated the Puerto Rican population in the 1950s and 1960s?

Back 209

Concentration adjacent to blacks, a lack of domination, and economic segregation.

Front 210

Where are the Puerto Ricans dispersing to?

Back 210

The Midwest, Jersey, New England, Miami, LA, and Rochester/Philly.

Front 211

What are the top two states for Puerto Ricans?

Back 211

#1 NY, #2 FL.

Front 212

What type of area do Puerto Ricans mostly live in?

Back 212

Metropolitan.

Front 213

What is the 3rd largest hispanic ethnicity in the US? (They are also the first Latino group to move to the US as their nation of first asylum.)

Back 213

Cubans.

Front 214

What are the top two cities for Cubans in the US?

Back 214

Miami & Union City West NY/NJ

Front 215

Why do Cubans come to the US?

Back 215

They can come as refugees, and USA plays a role in Cuba's economic revival.

Front 216

What were the “golden exiles”?

Back 216

A wave of cubans that came to the US from 1959-1962, thought incorrectly to be “elite”. They were actually very diverse.

Front 217

Why did the Cuban immigration stop from 1962-1965?

Back 217

The missile crisis.

Front 218

What were freedom flights?

Back 218

These were flights provided by the US for Cubans to come to the US starting in 1965.

Front 219

Why were people from the Mariel Boatlifts unwelcome in the US?

Back 219

They were criminals (though minor criminals), there was a recession, a housing shortage, a public opinion against immigration.

Front 220

What were the balseron? How did the US discourage this?

Back 220

The Balseron were Cubans from Guantanamo Bay who tried to raft to the US. The US allowed 20,000 annual visas to discourage the rafters; this worked.

Front 221

What are the top 2 states for Cubans?

Back 221

#1 FL, #2 NJ.

Front 222

What was the Cuban Refugee program?

Back 222

This was to help Florida cope with the influx of Cuban refugees, it gave money to those who agreed to move out of Florida.

Front 223

What is Little Havana?

Back 223

An area of Dade County that the Cubans largely overtook due to inexpensive housing and employment opportunity.

Front 224

What trend appeared for Cubans in the 1980s (what types of areas are they starting to prefer)?

Back 224

Suburbanization.

Front 225

Name the three chief arguments of anti-immigration groups.

Back 225

Some people oppose immigration on the grounds that hispanics have an allegiance to the “mother country”, the borders are poorly policed, and that hispanics are putting a strain on already strained social services.

Front 226

In the 1990s, why were anti-immigration feelings so high?

Back 226

Due to the recession and racial anxiety.

Front 227

How are Bolivians part of the global work force?

Back 227

They are transnational, with complex links and dual identities in the global economy.

Front 228

Why are Bolivians so transnational?

Back 228

Economic forces, human agency, cultural practices, cumulative-causation. They're historically mobile.

Front 229

Between which two cities (one US, on Bolivian) is there a huge connection for Bolivians?

Back 229

Valle Alto & DC.

Front 230

What is the #1 city for Bolivians in the US?

Back 230

DC.

Front 231

What type of place to Bolivians live in?

Back 231

Suburbs.

Front 232

When did Bolivians begin to come to the US?

Back 232

1960s.

Front 233

What happened to the Bolivian population in the 1980s?

Back 233

It exploded due to a lack of competition from other nations.

Front 234

What contributes to the growth of the Bolivian population?

Back 234

Community mindset & social networks.

Front 235

Why are Bolivians relatively privileged in the US compared to other hispanic groups?

Back 235

Only the wealthy can afford to come here due to the increased distance.

Front 236

How does the SES compare for Bolivians from Bolivia to home?

Back 236

They lose a little bit of it, some were even considered “white” in their own country.

Front 237

Why do so many people leave the Department of Cochabamba in Bolivia?

Back 237

Limited resources, population, climate change, and competition from free trade.

Front 238

Where did Bolivians go in the 50s and 60s?

Back 238

Santa Cruz (rural → urban movements).

Front 239

Where did Bolivians go in the 60s? Why?

Back 239

Argentina, sugarcane.

Front 240

How can you tell which Bolivian communities have migrants in the US?

Back 240

Satellite dishes dot the landscape; it's visible.

Front 241

What does it mean for Bolivians to be “modest unknowns”?

Back 241

This entails their limited physical appearance and complex social networks.

Front 242

Give examples of Bolivian culture in the US.

Back 242

Soccer, folkloric dance, radio & newspaper, their own independence day, and Bolivian schools.

Front 243

What is San Antonio for Mexicans? Why?

Back 243

A traditional gateway. Resources, close to border.

Front 244

What are the two processes of accomodation? Which do Mexicans use?

Back 244

Integration (interaction with the host) and acculturation (adopting traits of the host's culture). Mexicans have neither.

Front 245

Define selective acculturation.

Back 245

Taking only the beneficial traits from the host culture.

Front 246

What prevents Mexicans from being accomodated?

Back 246

Language, religion, money, discrimination, and immigration status.

Front 247

Do Mexican-Americans want to help Mexicans?

Back 247

No.

Front 248

Define disidentification. Is this a problem for Mexican Americans?

Back 248

Removal from ones' own ancestry group. Yes.

Front 249

What does locational inertia have to do with Mexicans?

Back 249

An object at rest stays at rest; jobs that initially attracted Mexicans to San Antonio have since disappeared, preventing them from moving to the suburbs.

Front 250

Define dissimilarity index.

Back 250

The absolute difference between two groups.

Front 251

What types of residences do Mexicans have?

Back 251

Clusters, trailers, apartments, home conversions.

Front 252

What hispanic ethnicity is in Allentown, PA?

Back 252

Puerto Ricans.

Front 253

What are the push-pull factors for Puerto Ricans in Allentown? Can it be reduced to a single migration theory?

Back 253

Obstacles between, personal factors, marriage, family reasons, safety, housing, language, structure, and economic reasons. It is complex; it cannot be reduced to a single migration theory.

Front 254

Where do most of the Puerto Ricans going to Allentown come from?

Back 254

NYC, Puerto Rico, or neighboring towns.

Front 255

What is happening to the Puerto Rican population in Allentown?

Back 255

It is rapidly increasing.

Front 256

Define sequent occupancy.

Back 256

One cultural group replacing another.

Front 257

To what parts of Allentown did Puerto Ricans initially move?

Back 257

Old, run down parts.

Front 258

After the initial movements of Puerto Ricans to Allentown, what happened?

Back 258

They still needed housing, and so they started moving to better housing. Whites fled Allentown, and Latinos replaced them.

Front 259

What sort of attitude to Puerto Ricans carry with them to Allentown?

Back 259

The “big apple” attitude.

Front 260

How is discrimination in Allentown?

Back 260

Most feel treated fairly, but the workplace is the number one discriminator.

Front 261

How do structural issues occur for Puerto Ricans in Allentown?

Back 261

There is a spatial mismatch between residence and employment (most live in the cities with the better jobs being in the suburbs) resulting in unemployment.

Front 262

What is meant by the “dual labor market” in Allentown?

Back 262

There are primary good jobs which don't have a lot of Latinos, and secondary crappy jobs which don't have a lot of Latinos. Movement between these two labor markets is controlled.

Front 263

Define ethnoscape.

Back 263

The landscape of a group identity.

Front 264

How do churches play a role in Allentown?

Back 264

There are both Catholic and Protestant churches providing Spanish and English services. There are also “storefront” churches for local practice.

Front 265

How does food play a role in Allentown?

Back 265

The latinos have impacted the type of ownership of food outlets and the types of food offered for sale. Latino-owned stores and chain stores meet the demand for ethnic foods.

Front 266

Name this region of early Hispanic settlers and the ancestors of Mexican Americans, it contains New Mexico, which held the largest Hispanic population in 1821.

Back 266

Borderlands from TX to CA.

Front 267

Today a state, this was the last area of the borderlands to be settled by Spanish and Mexican people in the late 1700s and early 1800s. This was a reaction to the perceived threat of Russian and British intrusion into the region.

Back 267

California.

Front 268

By 1990, which state had the largest Mexican population?

Back 268

CA.

Front 269

What is the “neighborhood gap” for Cuban Americans? Where, regionally, is the neighborhood gap the greatest? Besides in housing, how does the neighborhood gap become manifested?

Back 269

A gap in median household incomes between neighborhoods of white people and Latino people. It is greatest in the Northeast. It is also manifested in quality of schools and school segregation between Latinos and Whites.

Front 270

Name the national origin of the majority of US illegal Latino immigrants.

Back 270

Mexico.

Front 271

Five states were the destinations for the majority of illegal immigrants, which two had the highest numbers?

Back 271

#1 CA, #2 TX.

Front 272

A number of non-western states had few illegal Latino immigrants prior to 1990 but saw their numbers increase substantially by 2000. Name two U.S. Southern states that had experienced the largest increases.

Back 272

Georgia & North Carolina.

Front 273

The US has been termed an Immigrant Nation. What happened to the number of foreign-born residents in the US between 1990 and 2010?

Back 273

Almost doubled.

Front 274

What are the 4 aspects of Bolivian immigrants in DC?

Back 274

Economic migrants, history of emigration, advanced social networks, and Valle Alto/DC connection.

Front 275

Is Bolivia one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere?

Back 275

Yes.

Front 276

How are real and social spaces changed by transnationalism?

Back 276

Global economy, nation-states de-erritorialized, receiving and sending money, mobile livelihoods.

Front 277

Recent times have “not been kind to Mexican Immigrants in the US”. Describe the stages of their experiences.

Back 277

Prior to 2007, accommodation of sorts; 2007-2008 the Great Recession collapsed this accommodation; 2008 to present, situation has only improved marginally.

Front 278

How is residential segregation in San Antonio for Mexicans?

Back 278

Pretty damn awful.

Front 279

What does spatial substitution have to do with Mexicans in San Antonio?

Back 279

Mexican immigrants are replacing Mexican Americans.

Front 280

What does the landscape look like for Mexicans in San Antonio?

Back 280

There is a loose clustering of Mexican homes, often adjacent to unattractive features such as a creek beds, railroad tracks, major highways, or manufacturing and warehousing.

Front 281

Do Mexicans perceive discrimination?

Back 281

Yes. A lot of them do.

Front 282

What does the preference for Mexicans in America to call themselves Mexican suggest?

Back 282

It suggests selective acculturation.

Front 283

What have Mexicans done with cultural retrenchment?

Back 283

Instead of acculturating to Mexican American norms or Anglo norms, they resort to cultural retrenchment.

Front 284

Where do the metro areas of Reading and Allentown, PA rank in the US Latino-Anglo segregation?

Back 284

Reading is #2, Allentown is #10.

Front 285

Generally, how did Latinos feel about their treatment (fair vs. unfair) by Anglos in their neighborhoods and work places?

Back 285

They felt unfairly treated.

Front 286

What is the geographic dimension of crime in Allentown?

Back 286

This is the occurrence of crime in particular inner city places/areas rather than in all Latino neighborhoods.

Front 287

Describe the mainland settlement geography of Puerto Ricans by 1980.

Back 287

The majority of 1st and 2nd generation Puerto Ricans resided in 11 states and the Northeast held their largest single concentration.

Front 288

What is contemporary Cuban-American settlement geography like?

Back 288

Unlike Mexicans and Puerto Ricans, cubans are becoming more concentrated in their settlement locations.

Front 289

What was a factor in the rapid increase in the Washington DC Bolivian population since 1980?

Back 289

Jobs, including employment in the ethnic economy.

Front 290

How do Mexicans fit the Jones “accommodation typology”?

Back 290

Low status, low acculturation.

Front 291

Describe the social distance between Latinos and Anglos in Allentown.

Back 291

“They won't let you get close to them.”

Front 292

What sort of financial support did the US government provide for Cubans coming to the US?

Back 292

1.5 billion dollars.

Front 293

Cubans retained their language and separated themselves from Anglos in Miami, why?

Back 293

They planned to return to Cuba eventually.

Front 294

How did Cuban-Americans illustrate their political clout after 1980? What is their attitude today regarding the nature of America's “Cuba Policy”?

Back 294

Cubans took legal action to benefit their home country. They believe the embargo should be ended.

Front 295

How did the 1980s Latino birthrate compare with the general US birthrate?

Back 295

The US Latino birthrate was more than 60% higher than the average US birthrate.

Front 296

The 1970s witnessed rapid increase in the Latino population in the US, especially CA. At that time, many Latinos worked in agriculture. What type of temporary Latino Power emerged? Who led it and what was its impact?

Back 296

Caesar Chavez began the United Farm Workers Union, which was able to unionize lettuce and grape farms. Its effect was short-lived as the unions were very unstable.

Front 297

By the 1980s, mechanization had an impact on farm workers, where did Latinos turn? New employment types included...

Back 297

Hotels, restaurants, and factories.

Front 298

In the 1970s and 1980s, there were no legal penalties for employing “illegals”. As a result, illegal entries increased. What effort did the Carter Administration make to stem the flow of illegals?

Back 298

Attempted to build giant fences along the border.

Front 299

Why did the number of Latino Americans from Central America increase in the 1980s?

Back 299

Political turmoil in places like El Salvador.

Front 300

What did the Immigration Act of 1988 do to employers and the illegals?

Back 300

It made employers punishable for employing illegals, but amnesty was offered to illegals already in the US.

Front 301

The geographic proximity results in Latino behavior not characteristic of early European immigrants – what is that behavior?

Back 301

They can go home much more easily; they're less likely to stick around when things get bad.

Front 302

What context does the case of Joe Sanchez provide for continued Mexican immigration to the US?

Back 302

Gangs and gang-related violence.

Front 303

What were the 1992 Rodney King Riots?

Back 303

This began with 4 police officers beating Rodney King. Most of the rioters were hispanics.

Front 304

What was Proposition 187?

Back 304

This would require government workers to report anyone who even was suspected to be an illegal immigrant?

Front 305

What was Proposition 209?

Back 305

This was designed to fight “discrimination”, which was essentially a ban on affirmative action. It caused a decline of racial diversity in graduate schools.

Front 306

What was Proposition 227?

Back 306

This would all but end bilingual education programs in states where many many children did not speak English.

Front 307

What was the 1996 Welfare Reform Act?

Back 307

It banned government benefits for legal immigrants, including medicaid, social security, and food stamps. Some legal immigrants were not citizens and thus no longer qualified for government aid.

Front 308

How many illegals are likely in the US?

Back 308

Anywhere from 7-20 million people are living illegally in the US.

Front 309

Why does Rosa work so hard to save to bring their children to the US?

Back 309

She wants them to have better opportunities when they grow up.

Front 310

Mr. Herchek sold his home and moved to a new neighborhood. Why?

Back 310

Increased violence due to gangs, including a murder in his own neighborhood.

Front 311

Why did Gabe not return home? What were the advantages of remaining in the US?

Back 311

Able to make more money in the US, more family time (better standard of living).

Front 312

What is Mr. Herchek's view of people like Gabe? What does he fear?

Back 312

Criminals; believes they should return to Mexico and repeat the process legally. Fears the changing of American culture.

Front 313

One controversy involves the impact of illegals on the US economy. Some argue it is hurting, others claim it is helping. What are the two sides of this argument?

Back 313

Hurting because poverty is being imported, and that immigrants are taking away jobs. Helping because they do the jobs that need to be done and they do them well.

Front 314

There are a number of contradictions surrounding positions on illegal immigration. One involves selling real estate. Another has to do with education. What is the nature of such contradicitons?

Back 314

Though some might say they disapprove of immigration, these very immigrants are often very integrated into society and are a part of the country.

Front 315

One of the most significant controversies involves taxes. Who paid for the healthcare costs associated with Gabe's family? Also, what did the state of Georgia pay in a single year for healthcare of illegal (undocumented) immigrants?

Back 315

Both Gabe's family and medicaid (through taxes) pay for the healthcare costs. The state paid $58 million for a year of healthcare for illegal immigrants.

Front 316

How can illegals pay US federal income tax?

Back 316

Tax ID program.

Front 317

What reasons do the local police and INS provide for not pursuing illegal immigrants?

Back 317

Local police are barred from arresting workers just for their immigration status. The INS target programs that allow illegal immigration, and complications arise when there are children involved.

Front 318

How were Bush and Kenney's policies for illegal immigrants similar?

Back 318

Both had plans that would legalize many immigrants without papers.

Front 319

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

Back 319

A huge chunk of land directly to the West that doubled the size of the US.

Front 320

What was the Texas Annexation?

Back 320

A chunk of land that included Texas.

Front 321

What was the Gadsden Purchase?

Back 321

A small chunk of land right on the border with Mexico.

Front 322

What was the Mexican Cession?

Back 322

A chunk of land in the West that included California; right above the Gadsden Purchase.