Geography Final

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an area of indefinite size beyond the outermost extent of ice advance that was indirectly influenced by glaciation.

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Periglacial zone

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Worldwide lowering of sea level occurred during every episode of Pleistocene glacial advance.

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Sea-level changes

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sheet—an immense blanket of ice that completely inundates the underlying terrain to depths of hundreds or thousands of feet.
Formed in nonmountainous areas of continents.
Only two currently, in Antarctica and Greenland.

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Ice sheet

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a portion of ice around the margin of an ice sheet that extends between rimming hills to the sea. Icebergs that form from chunks of ice that break off ice shelves

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Outlet glacier

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an unconfined sheet of ice in high-mountain areas, and which can develop into valley glaciers and piedmont glaciers.

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Icefield

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a long, narrow feature resembling a river of ice, which spills out of its originating basin and flows down-valley.

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Valley glacier

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a valley glacier that extends to the mouth of the valley and spreads out broadly over the flat land beyond.

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Piedmont glacier

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individual glacier that develops near a mountain crest line and normally moves down-valley for some distance.

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Alpine glacier

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a small glacier confined to its cirque and not moving down-valley.

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Cirque glacier

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addition of ice into a glacier by incorporation of snow.

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Accumulation

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— wastage of glacial ice through melting and sublimation.

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Ablation

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snow granules that have become packed and begin to coalesce due to compression, achieving a density about half as great as that of water.

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Firn (Névé)—

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is the continual movement of the ice toward the edge(s) of the glacier.

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Flow

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means the forward movement of the outer margins of the glacial body.

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Advance

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tends to polish when bedrock is highly resistant and dig striations and grooves in less resistant.

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Glacial Abrasion

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is the quarrying action in which rock particles beneath the ice are grasped by the freezing of meltwater in joints and fractures and pried out and dragged along in the general flow of a glacier.

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Glacial Plucking

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an irregular depression in a morainal surface created when blocks of stagnant ice eventually melt.

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Kettle

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a low, elongated hill formed by ice-sheet deposition.

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Drumlin

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are long sinuous ridges of stratified drift composed largely of glaciofluvial gravel.

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Esker

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debris deposited by melt water

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Glaciofluvial deposits

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debris deposited directly by ice

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Till

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a pass or saddle through a ridge produced when two adjacent cirques on opposite sides of a divide are cut back

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Col

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a steep-sided, pyramidal rock pinnacle where three or more cirques intersect

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Horn

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a valley reshaped by an alpine glacier, usually with a relatively straight course with a fluctuating gradient.

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Glacial trough

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a broad amphitheater hollowed out at the head of a glacial valley by ice erosion.

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Cirque

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this is the cascading forward motion of a breaking wave that rushes up the beach.

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Swash

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water moving seaward after the momentum of the wave swash is overcome by gravity and friction (friction meaning land)

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Backwash

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energy and mass move in the same direction (horizontally) Can see this process visually when you are on a beach.

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Wave of Translation

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It is the release of liquid petroleum usually from tankers or other ships, or sometimes from fields near shores that travels on to coast lines.
Once happens, it is very toxic and must be cleaned up immediately. The United States has the best technology in the world in cleaning up these spills.

Accidents by drilling shores or those platforms that are maintained horribly.

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Oil Spills

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– is a seismic sea wave, very long sea wave that is generated by underground ocean earthquakes or ocean volcanic eruptions.

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Tsunami

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Has enormous monsoon region of rainfall. Coastal areas receive 200 inches annually, 100 inches in the in the delta region and 40 inches a year in the dry areas (central Burma).

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Myanma or Burma

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this is the rise and fall of sea level controlled by the Earth’s rotation and the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun.

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Tides

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Within a period of just over 25 hours, daily there are two high tides and two low tides. Simply the continual rise and fall of ocean levels.

Has a significantly small effect on the shoreline.

Main effects are seen with the movement of sands and small pebble type rocks.

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Tidal Forces

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cause the greatest vertical movements of the oceans waters.

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Tides

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2 tide cycles every day. 2 high tides and 2 low tides every 25 hours.

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How many cyles of tides/day?

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Caused by gravitational forces of planet and nearby heavenly bodies.

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What are tides caused by?

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The difference between high and low tide

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Tidal Range

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is a lower than normal variation that occurs twice a month around the first and third quarters of the moon.

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Neap tide

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tides High than usual tides are called Spring tides. Occurs usally around new or full moon phases

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Spring tides

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– this is the result from the contraction and expansion from freeze-thaw actions.

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Ice Push

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Annual freezing of sea ice causes near-shore ice to push against the land, causing minor erosion

Arctic and Antarctic regions only

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Changes in Landscapes related to ice regime.

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Source of sediment for beaches

Streams and lakes in turn feed sediments to oceans and lakes.

Sediment is simply matter that settles at the bottom of a liquid. In other words, sand, rock pieces, mud particles, etc.

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Stream Outflow

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Sediment laid down by water on its valley floor. Can occur in a channel, mouth area, or valley floor. In time these areas have soils that are usually fertile and productive

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Alluvium

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this is the often major sedimentary deposit surrounding and extending beyond the mouth of a river where it empties into a larger water body.

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Delta

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accomplishes nearly all movement of sand or sediments on coast lines.

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Wave action

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is a current in which water moves roughly parallel to the shoreline in a general downward direction. In other words coming in from an angle.

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Longshore current

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the zigzag movement of sand in a downward direction along the coast.

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Beach Drifting

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this is the upper part of a beach. Covered by waves during sever storms.

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Backshore

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– this is an exposed deposit of loose sediment or simply put sand. It is the most common feature and is a transition zone between land and water.

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Beach.

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relatively flat part of the backshore, again influenced by storm surges.

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Berm

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this is the lower zone of a beach. Composed of wave deposited material.

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Foreshore

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– this is the zone permanetly under water where erosion and deposition do not occur. But underwater movement does occur.

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Offshore

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relatively flat part of the backshore, again influenced by storm surges.

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Berm

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this is a linear deposit of marine sediment that is attached to the land at both ends.

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Split

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this is a split that has become extended across the mouth of a bay transforming it into a lagoon.

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Baymouth bar

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is a split formed by sand from two directions of waves activity.

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Tombolo

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a body of quiet water in an area between a barrier island or a barrier reef and mainland.

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Lagoon formation

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a region occupied by a complete stream system formed by the trunk river and all its tributaries, this is also known as a watershed.

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Drainage Basin

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--Weather such as melt due to temperatures, heavy rains

Human intervention such as poorly constructed levees and dams, clearing of forested areas or wetlands.

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Causes of Floods

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are those that produce rapid rise in water levels and often have devastating flow velocities. Intense rain, topography, and surface conditions contribute.
Happen in urban areas, mountain areas with steep slopes funnel into canyons, and sometimes in certain desert situations.

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Flash floods

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Caused by excessive rainfall
Caused by previous conditions: 6 months before the flood, the Midwest was wetter than average by 10 to 15 inches.
Midwest soils were at 90% absorbing capacity
El-Nino conditions also contributed

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Causes of 93 Flood

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The side to side cutting of a stream eventually produces a flat valley floor or floodplain.River is confined to channel until it floods then inundates the floodplain. Floodplains are in impact on human economic conditions as well as real estate property. I.e. Fema and insurance.

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Flood Plains

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An estimated 50 lives lost, affected 9 states, and 536 counties.
72,000 homes damaged, 150,000 homeless
36,000 square miles affected.
Over US $10 billion worth of damage to crops and property.
US $5.7 billion authorised by Washington to aid flood victims.

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Flood of 93 Damage

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by lifting loose particles (sediment), or by abrasion, or by dissolving.

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How do Stream erode channels?

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these are dissolved load which is brought on by groundwater. Produces 4 billion metric tons are supplied each year by streams.

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How do Streams transport load? in 3 ways

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Most common type
Steep gradients
Gentle curvature to it

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Sinuous Channels

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Tightly curved loops
Abandoned channels
Where land is flat, such as large floodplains
Hi levels of erosion here

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Meandering Channels

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Heavily loaded stream
Gentle gradient slows flow speed
Slow moving stream chokes channel with alluvium
Sand and gravel bar deposits divide (braid) the stream

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Braided Channels

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Stream flow and channel development is in response to the initial slope of the land

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Consequent Streams

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Streams that develop along zones of structural weakness in bedrock
Often trend at right angles to other channels

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Subsequent Streams

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Slow uplift interrupts drainage pattern
Stream erodes downward and maintains its course
A deep gorge forms

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Antecedent Streams

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Originally streams flow on a high sequence of land.
The original stream’s pattern erodes down into the underlying sequence of rocks of a different structure.
The pattern is unaffected by the structure; that is, streams maintain their pattern in the new sequence of rocks.

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Superimposed Streams

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Most common drainage pattern
Tree-like
Underlying structure does not control the pattern
Pattern determined by slope of land rather than by stream flow

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Dendritic Drainage Pattern

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Alternating bands of tilted hard and soft rocks
Long parallel streams cut into soft rocks
Parallel streams are jointed by short, right-angled segments.

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Trellis Drainage Pattern

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Streams drain from a mountain peak or volcano
pattern usually around isolated volcanic cones, and mountain type areas.

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Radial Drainage Pattern

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Process of going into solution
Solubility varies among different elements

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Dissolution

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large, open underground areas occurring in massive limestone depositions at or near the surface.

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Cavern

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is a spring whose water temperature averages above 50°f and contains magma chambers
Eject hot water
Volcanic heat and pressure source
Calcium carbonate precipitates
Travertine (massive)
Tufa (porous)

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Hot Springs

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a formation that combines Stalagmite & Stalactite into one column

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Pillar

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a specialized form of intermittent hot spring with water issuing only sporadically as a temporary ejection, in which hot water and steam are spouted upward for some distance.

Involves the building up of pressure within a restricted subterranean tube until it is relieved by an eruption.
Tremendous supply of heat is essential for geyser activity.

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Geyser

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Very little water drains into the tube of a fumarole
A hot spring that lacks water; it sends out only steam

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Fumaroles

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A Specialized Environment related to weathering
Running Water in Waterless Regions
Characteristic Desert
The Work of the Wind
Two Characteristic Desert Landform Assemblages in U.S. Deserts

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The Topography of Arid Lands

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Usually intense when it happens.
Flooding is rule, so fluvial erosion and deposition are effective and conspicuous, even though rain is sporadic and rare.

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Rainfall

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Conditions that led to Drought of 1988

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EL-NINO!
Warm Winter virtually no snow
Winter temperature in the 30‘s most of the time
Extremely hot July! Upper 90‘s to low 100‘s the entire month including the first half of August
No Rain in the summer!
Various volcanic activities

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Results of 1988 drought

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Destruction of Midwest crops
Huge energy demand
Many deaths among elderly and sick
Many deaths among construction workers and others doing sports
Change in food imports
Water shortage

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Surface water is usually episodic and brief.
Permanent streams, if any, are predominantly exotic in origin—come from outside the desert.
For example, the Nile River.

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Exotic Streams

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Streams that flow for a brief time during high precipitation periods.
More than 99% of all desert streams are ephemeral.

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Ephemeral Streams

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island mountain; isolated summit rising abruptly for a low-relief surface.

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Inselberg

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a rounded or domal inselberg composed of very resistant rock that stands above the surrounding terrain because of differential erosion and weathering lowering the surrounding terrain.

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Bornhardt

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a gently inclined bedrock platform that extends outward from a mountain front, usually in an arid region.

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Pediment

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zone at the “foot of the mountains.”
In deserts, a prominent area of fluvial deposition, where it can reach depths of hundreds of feet.

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Piedmont

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the pronounced change in the angle of slope at a mountain base, with a steep slope giving way abruptly to a gentle one.
Break in slope greatly reduces the speed of transportation, so there can be a significant accumulation of rock debris.

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Piedmont angle

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— processes related to wind action.
They are most pronounced, widespread, and effective in dry lands.

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Aeolian processes

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Works like water transportation, but not as effective.
Dust storms can extend for thousands of feet high and move more than 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles).
Sand storms usually only a few centimeters or meters above the ground.

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Aeolian Transportation (Wind Transportation of Sediment)

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— a mound, ridge, or low hill of loose windblown sand.
Can be unanchored, and are shifted by wind.
migrate downwind as the wind blows the grains up the gentle windward slope, which are then deposited on the steep slip face.

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Sand dune

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the steeper leeward side of a dune.

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Slip face

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a crescent-shaped sand dune with cusps of the crescent pointing downwind.

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Barchan

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also crescent-shaped, but not as uniformly as barchans; occur on sandy landscapes.

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Transverse dune