Geo 103 Final Exam

Front 1

Seawater salinity is measured in?

Back 1

Parts per thousand

Front 2

This color diffuses in the top 1 meter of the water column?

Back 2

Red

Front 3

Salinity Temperature Density diagrams are used for?

Back 3

Identifying water masses

Front 4

What is the most common ion dissolved in seawater?

Back 4

Cl

Front 5

Which of the following is the best depiction of the geometry of the water molecule?

Back 5

The one with the H's on the bottom and located on the exterior

Front 6

Which of the following best illustrates the geometry of water molecules in ice?

Back 6

Connected

Front 7

Which of the following depicts water in the gas state?

Back 7

Not Connected

Front 8

a weak chemical bond that forms between dipolar molecules such as water molecules, and that greatly influences the physical and chemical properties of the substance

Back 8

hydrogen bonding

Front 9

The density of water is greatest at what temperature?

Back 9

4 C

Front 10

The surface tension of water ______ with increasing temperature.

Back 10

decreases

Front 11

Hot water is better for cleaning because?

Back 11

Doesn't clog pores as water's surface tension is reduced with heat

Front 12

Bugs would prefer to walk on?

Back 12

Cooler water

Front 13

This instrument is used for determining water color and clarity?

Back 13

Secchi Disk

Front 14

A Secchi Disk is used for?

Back 14

Determining water color and clarity

Front 15

The depth to which light can penetrate for photosynthesis is called the?

Back 15

photic zone

Front 16

The anoxic zone corresponds to?

Back 16

The mesophotic zone, nutrient maximum, zone of bacterial decay, and the thermocline

Front 17

Beading happens in water, as illustrated, due to its high?

Back 17

surface tension

Front 18

Depicts the thermocline for spring?

Back 18

Straight line going down

Front 19

Depicts the thermocline for winter?

Back 19

Straight line going down

Front 20

Anaerobic bacteria are those which need no?

Back 20

oxygen

Front 21

The horizontal movement of a fluid is termed?

Back 21

advection

Front 22

The SOFAR channel is a channel of minimum?

Back 22

sound velocity

Front 23

The hydrologic cycle is driven by?

Back 23

Solar heat

Front 24

Most of the water in the hydrosphere is in?

Back 24

the oceans

Front 25

Water is considered a climate ameliorator because?

Back 25

It has high heat capacity

Front 26

Having high heat capacity means that water?

Back 26

requires more energy than most other materials to heat itself by one degree Celsius

Front 27

Water is very cohesive because?

Back 27

It has a dipolar molecular structure

Front 28

Pure distilled water is?

Back 28

a poor conductor of electricity

Front 29

Equatorial currents are driven by the?

Back 29

Trade winds

Front 30

Which of the following is true for a western boundary current?

Back 30

Narrow, deep, and swift

Front 31

Which of the following is true for an eastern boundary current?

Back 31

Broad and slow

Front 32

Surface ocean circulation is driven primarily by _________ and modified by ____________.

Back 32

Wind, the Coriolis effect and land

Front 33

Geostrophic circulation is driven by?

Back 33

Gravity

Front 34

Westward intensification causes?

Back 34

1. Very swift western boundary currents
2. A steeper slope of surface water in the western section of the gyre as compared to the eastern section of the gyre
3. The center of the gyre to be shifted to the west
4. Equatorial countercurrents

Front 35

A system of four currents completing a flow circuit around the periphery of an ocean basin is collectively called:

Back 35

a gyre

Front 36

The Earth's rotation influences currents by a force [or acceleration, to be correct] known as:

Back 36

Coriolis effect

Front 37

Currents tend to move in great ___________ patterns in the northern hemisphere.

Back 37

clockwise

Front 38

Great Britain's weather is _________ than would be expected at that latitude because of the influence of surface currents.

Back 38

warmer and wetter

Front 39

San Francisco's characteristic cold and foggy weather is caused by a?

Back 39

cold eastern boundary current

Front 40

Malaysia, like other southwest Pacific islands, has an unusually warm and wet climate because?

Back 40

there is the west Pacific warm pool nearby

Front 41

The greatest residence time for deep water is found in the?

Back 41

Pacific Ocean

Front 42

Essentially all of the deep water masses found in all ocean basins originate in the _________ Ocean.

Back 42

Atlantic

Front 43

Large-scale sinking of high-latitude water that replenishes the oxygen supply to the deep ocean is?

Back 43

initiated in the subpolar regions of all oceans

Front 44

The formation of North Atlantic Deep Water is initiated by the sinking of surface water in the?

Back 44

off the coast of Iceland

Front 45

The largest of all ocean currents is the?

Back 45

Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Front 46

The water mass directly underlying the Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Atlantic is the?

Back 46

North Atlantic Deep Water

Front 47

The laminar flow of the Ekman Spiral produces an Ekman Transport that is theoretically?

Back 47

in a direction at right angles to the wind direction

Front 48

Large rotating masses of surface water that dominate the major ocean basins are?

Back 48

subtropical gyres

Front 49

The primary factor producing westward intensification of flow in the subtropical gyres is latitudinal differences in?

Back 49

strength of the Coriolis effect

Front 50

In the Northern Hemisphere, surface currents flow in a direction that is?

Back 50

such that downslope is to the right of the direction of current flow

Front 51

The best development of an equatorial counter-current is found?

Back 51

in the Pacific Ocean

Front 52

The "greenhouse gas" that makes the greatest contribution to greenhouse effect is?

Back 52

carbon dioxide

Front 53

It is clear that ___________ the cause of the 0.5C average Earth temperature increase over the past 100 years.

Back 53

greenhouse warming is

Front 54

The Coriolis Effect is?

Back 54

caused by changes in Earth's rotation rate with latitude

Front 55

The primary factor affecting the amount of Coriolis deflection of a moving mass is the?

Back 55

latitude of the moving mass

Front 56

Submarine canyons are found primarily on the?

Back 56

continental slope

Front 57

Submarine canyons are more closely spaced on?

Back 57

steeper slopes

Front 58

Turbidity currents are thought to erode?

Back 58

submarine canyons

Front 59

Sediment particles eroded from continental rocks are called?

Back 59

terrigenous

Front 60

The concentration of the metal ____ in manganese nodules usually exceeds 2% by weight.

Back 60

iron

Front 61

Calcium Carbonate is most likely to precipitate from ocean water in?

Back 61

tropical surface waters

Front 62

Tiny iron spherules found in marine sediment are examples of?

Back 62

cosmogenous sediment

Front 63

Glacial deposits are?

Back 63

poorly sorted

Front 64

Oceanic sediments that contain more than 30% biogenous particles by weight are?

Back 64

oozes

Front 65

The depth as which the ocean dissolves all the calcite particles falling from above is?

Back 65

the carbonate compensation depth

Front 66

Manganese nodules form only where?

Back 66

sediment accumulates at rates of less than 7 mm/kyr

Front 67

The ocean basin with the highest percentage of abyssal clay coverage is the?

Back 67

North Pacific

Front 68

99% of the biogenous and lithogenous particles that fall to the ocean floor do so as?

Back 68

components of fecal pellets

Front 69

The dominant sediment accumulating on ocean ridges and rises is?

Back 69

calcium carbonate ooze

Front 70

The dominant component of calcareous biogenous sediment is the shells of?

Back 70

Coccolithophores, Foraminifers, and Pteropods

Front 71

Radiolarian oozes are found in equatorial regions beneath waters of high biological production associated with?

Back 71

upwelling

Front 72

Diatom oozes are best developed beneath _____________ waters.

Back 72

high latitude

Front 73

Abyssal clays are commonly found on?

Back 73

floors of the deepest ocean basins

Front 74

Potential sources for metals in manganese nodules include all of the following except?

Back 74

decay of organic matter

Front 75

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is?

Back 75

A continental shelf, an abyssal plain far from a continent, near the crest of a mid-ocean ridge, and in the Atlantic Ocean basin

Front 76

All of the following are lithogenous sediments except?

Back 76

diatom ooze

Front 77

Biogenous sediments may be composed of all of the following except?

Back 77

quartz

Front 78

When calcite coats sand grains or shell fragments in concentric layers, they form?

Back 78

ooids

Front 79

Sediments found on continental margins are called?

Back 79

neritic

Front 80

The major force bringing continental sediments to the deep sea is?

Back 80

turbidity currents

Front 81

A pelagic clay must contain lots of material which has to settle to the seafloor through the water column and?

Back 81

less than 30% biogenous material

Front 82

A very important way of increasing the settling rate of fine particles [like coccoliths] in the open ocean is via?

Back 82

fecal pellets

Front 83

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics?

Back 83

lots of carbon dioxide and cold

Front 84

It takes as much energy to erode clays as it does to erode?

Back 84

gravel

Front 85

Neritic deposits characteristically?

Back 85

Form at the margins of continents

Front 86

Marine snow is?

Back 86

calcareous ooze

Front 87

The magnetic pattern on the sea floor?

Back 87

Is created by lava emerging at deep sea trenches, is symmetrical about and parallel to mid-ocean ridges, and confirms the hypothesis of continental drift

Front 88

Which statement best describes the primary reason that the continental drift hypothesis was initially rejected?

Back 88

Wegener's mechanism was rejected by geophysicists

Front 89

The seafloor?

Back 89

increases in age from the ridge outward

Front 90

Continental crust is primarily made up of?

Back 90

granite

Front 91

Oceanic crust is primarily made of?

Back 91

basalt

Front 92

Continental crust is __________ when compared to oceanic crust.

Back 92

thicker and less dense

Front 93

Differences in height between continental crust and oceanic crust are explained by?

Back 93

isostasy

Front 94

At mid-ocean ridges, crust is being _______. ___________ can be found there.

Back 94

Created; Massive magma chambers

Front 95

Which of the following is true about the asthenosphere?

Back 95

Composed only of mantle material

Front 96

Heat flow measurements indicate that convection cells must?

Back 96

Rise below ridges and sink below trenches

Front 97

Oceans become deeper moving away from ridges due to?

Back 97

Thermal contraction of the hot asthenosphere

Front 98

Which is true of hot spots?

Back 98

Responsible for the formation of the Hawaiian Island Chain and some are found below continental masses

Front 99

Mid-Ocean Ridge basalts originate __________, while hot spot basalts originate _____________.

Back 99

In the upper mantle; near the core-mantle boundary

Front 100

Which can be found at divergent plate margins?

Back 100

Crest of a mid-ocean ridge and offset of a mid-ocean ridge

Front 101

Which of the following can be found at convergent plate margins on the seafloor?

Back 101

deep focus earthquakes

Front 102

The sharp bend in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chains indicates that?

Back 102

The Pacific Plate shifted directions long ago

Front 103

Old lithosphere is destroyed in association with which one of the following?

Back 103

deep sea trenches

Front 104

New lithosphere is produced with which one of the following?

Back 104

mid-ocean ridges

Front 105

Transform faults are ___________ mid-ocean ridges

Back 105

perpendicular to

Front 106

Which ocean is currently getting smaller in size?

Back 106

Pacific

Front 107

The asthenosphere is located?

Back 107

in the upper mantle

Front 108

In the plate tectonics model, Earth's outer shell consists of about __ individual plates

Back 108

20

Front 109

Most of the world's deep ocean trenches are located within the?

Back 109

Pacific Ocean

Front 110

One of the following is an important, fundamental assumption underlying the plate tectonic theory. Which is it?

Back 110

Earth's diameter has been essentially constant over time

Front 111

Lithosphere plates are bounded by?

Back 111

Spreading ridges, earthquake zones, subduction zones, and transform faults

Front 112

The results of an experiment would not be considered scientifically sound if?

Back 112

they were not repeatable

Front 113

Scientific facts are based on?

Back 113

observations and results based on repeated testing of hypotheses

Front 114

Mirror image patterns of variation in the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field on the opposite flanks of spreading centers support the theory of sea-floor spreading and are the result of?

Back 114

reversals in the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field

Front 115

No oceanic crust older than ___ million years has been discovered.

Back 115

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