Geography Exam #2

Front 1

When was the Earth formed?

Back 1

4.6 billion years ago

Front 2

Earth's physical environment is always changing: T or F

Back 2

True

Front 3

What are identifiable variations of the Earth's surface?

Back 3

Landforms

Front 4

What is the study of landforms, their spatial distribution, and the processes that create them?

Back 4

Geomorphology

Front 5

Geomorphology processes that happen inside the earth

Back 5

endogenic processes

Front 6

Geomorphology processes that happen outside of the earth

Back 6

exogenic processes

Front 7

What is in the exterior of Earth's physical systems?

Back 7

1.) Atmosphere

2.) Lithosphere

3.) Hydrosphere

4.) Biosphere

Front 8

What is in the interior of Earth's physical systems?

Back 8

1.) Continental crust

2.) Oceanic crust

3.) Mantle

4.) Core

Front 9

What are naturally formed compounds and elements of Earth?

Back 9

Minerals

Front 10

What are compromised of one or more minerals?

Back 10

Rocks

Front 11

What is the study of rocks called?

Back 11

Petrology

Front 12

What is the study of minerals called?

Back 12

Mineralogy

Front 13

What are things built from rocks?

Back 13

Landscapes

Front 14

What kind of rocks are formed by cooling magma or lava?

Back 14

Igneous

Front 15

What type of igneous rocks cool very fast on the surface and are created by lava?

Back 15

Extrusive

Front 16

What type of igneous rocks cool very slowly beneath the surface and are created by magma?

Back 16

Intrusive

Front 17

What kind of rocks are made of up sediments worn from other rocks?

Back 17

Sedimentary

Front 18

What kind of rocks are a result of chemical or physical changes?

Back 18

Metamorphic

Front 19

Who came up with the continental drift theory?

Back 19

Alfred Wegener

Front 20

What causes plates to move?

Back 20

Convective currents

Front 21

What is it called when plates spread apart and new crust is formed?

Back 21

Divergent plate boundary

Front 22

What is it called when converge and grind into one another?

Back 22

Convergent plate boundary

Front 23

What is it called plates grind horizontally?

Back 23

Transform plate boundary

Front 24

Which plate boundary causes earthquakes?

Back 24

Transform plate boundaries (grinding horizontally)

Front 25

What is the deformation of Earth's crust?

Back 25

Diastrophism

Front 26

What is the type of diastrophism that bends, caused by compressional pressure

Back 26

Folding

Front 27

What is the type of diastrophism that breaks or fractures, caused by displacement of crust

Back 27

Faulting

Front 28

What are the two endogenic processes?

Back 28

Diastrophism and volcanism

Front 29

What transports heated material of Earth's interior to or towards the surface

Back 29

Volcanism

Front 30

What type of volcano has gentle broad slopes, lava flows without explosion (smooth eruption)

Back 30

Shield volcano

Front 31

What type of volcano has a steep sided cone, lava flows with explosion (explosive erosion)

Back 31

Composite volcano

Front 32

What are the three exogenic processes?

Back 32

1.) Weathering

2.) Mass wasting

3.) Erosion

Front 33

What is the first step in soil formation?

Back 33

Weathering

Front 34

What is the downslope movement of material due to gravity

Back 34

Mass wasting

Front 35

What is the most common type of mass wasting?

Back 35

Soil creep

Front 36

What are examples of mass wasting?

Back 36

1.) Soil creep

2.) Earthflow

3.) Slump

4.) Solifluction

5.) Mudlow

6.) Landslide

7.) Rockfall

Front 37

Fast-moving agents of erosion ________ debris

Back 37

carry

Front 38

Slow-moving agents of erosion ________ debris

Back 38

deposit

Front 39

What landforms are caused by erosion?

Back 39

1.) Running water causes fluvial landscapes

2.) Ground water causes groundwater landscapes

3.) Glaciers cause glacial landscapes

4.) Wind causes wind landscapes

5.) Waves and currents cause coastal landscapes

Front 40

What is the most common landform caused by erosion?

Back 40

Fluvial landscape caused by running water

Front 41

Fluvial means

Back 41

River

Front 42

Alluvium means

Back 42

sediments deposited by running water

Front 43

Examples of fluvial landscapes in humid climate

Back 43

1.) Delta

2.) Floodplain

3.) Valley

Front 44

Examples of fluvial landscapes in arid climate

Back 44

1.) Alluvial fan

2.) Mesa

3.) Butte

4.) Arroyo

Front 45

What is a rock body that holds groundwater

Back 45

aquifer

Front 46

Examples of groundwater landscapes

Back 46

1.) Caverns

2.) Caves

3.) Karst topography

Front 47

What is karst topography

Back 47

landscape under the ground that creates sinkholes, caverns and caves

Front 48

What is a glacial trough

Back 48

flat area where glacier melts

Front 49

Examples of glacial landscapes

Back 49

1.) Glacial trough

2.) Glacial lake

3.) fjord

Front 50

What is the most common wind landscapes?

Back 50

Dunes

Front 51

What is a loess?

Back 51

A flat area that has silt which makes fertile soil

Front 52

Which type of climate is more prone to wind erosion?

Back 52

Arid climates (bc of less vegetation)

Front 53

What is the forcing agent for most coastal processes and landform development and change

Back 53

Waves

Front 54

What are the short term changes in atmospheric conditions?

Back 54

Weather

Front 55

What the long term changes in atmospheric conditions?

Back 55

Climate

Front 56

Weather is measured ________

Back 56

Hourly, daily, or weekly

Front 57

Climate is measured _______

Back 57

Yearly (seasonal, average)

Front 58

What is the study of weather?

Back 58

Meteorology

Front 59

What is the study of climate?

Back 59

Climatology

Front 60

Weather is caused by what?

Back 60

Uneven heating of earth's surface

Front 61

Energy travels through space as ______

Back 61

Radiation (solar energy)

Front 62

What is the degree of reflectivity of a surface

Back 62

Albedo

Front 63

The term for how resistant a material is to changes in temperature?

Back 63

Specific heat

Front 64

Troposhere info

Back 64

-lowest layer in atmosphere

-highest pressures

-temp cools with altitude

-temp changes at the tropopause

Front 65

What causes air to move?

Back 65

Pressure

Front 66

As temperature rises, pressure _____

Back 66

Decreases

Front 67

Weather is the ________ of air

Back 67

Vertical

Front 68

What air creates low pressure and creates clouds and precipitation

Back 68

Rising air

Front 69

What air creates high pressure and disperses clouds and creates clear air

Back 69

Sinking air

Front 70

Air is sinking

Back 70

Compresses and warms

Front 71

Air is rising

Back 71

Expands and cools

Front 72

Wind is the _________ movement of air

Back 72

horizontal

Front 73

Pressure gradient force

Back 73

Air moves from high pressure to low pressure

Front 74

Earth's rotation turns wind _____ in Northern hemisphere

Back 74

right

Front 75

Earth's rotation turns wind ______ in Southern hemisphere

Back 75

left

Front 76

Snow has a ______ albedo

Back 76

high

Front 77

Water has a _______ albedo

Back 77

low

Front 78

Vegetation has a _____ albedo

Back 78

low

Front 79

We live in the _____

Back 79

Troposphere

Front 80

All weather occurs in the ______

Back 80

Troposphere

Front 81

What is the diversion of wind due to the rotation of the earth

Back 81

Coriolis effect

Front 82

% of water vapor in the air at a given time compared to how much water it can actually hold

Back 82

Relative humidity

Front 83

Temperature the air must cool to form condensation

Back 83

Dew point

Front 84

Humid air is _____ than dry air

Back 84

lighter

Front 85

Warm air holds ______ water vapor than cool air

Back 85

more

Front 86

What lifting mechanism is when air comes together one must go up

Back 86

Convergent lifting

Front 87

What lifting mechanism is when air rises from surface heating

Back 87

Convectional lifting

Front 88

What lifting mechanism is when mountains force air to rise

Back 88

Orographic lifting

Front 89

What lifting mechanism is when warmer, less dense air rises when air masses meet?

Back 89

Frontal lifting

Front 90

Cold fronts cause

Back 90

Violent storms

Front 91

Warm fronts cause

Back 91

Rain/gentle storms

Front 92

What thunderstorms are "popcorn thunderstorms"

Back 92

Convectional thunderstorms

Front 93

What is the distance from the equator

Back 93

Latitude

Front 94

What is elevation/how high up are you

Back 94

Altitude

Front 95

What do the lines mean on a climograph

Back 95

Temperature

Front 96

What do the bars mean on a climograph

Back 96

Precipitation

Front 97

Köppen Climate Classification records

Back 97

Vegetation

Front 98

What Koppen Climate do 60% of people live

Back 98

Mild mid latitude

Front 99

How do we manage disasters?

Back 99

Disaster cycle

Front 100

What is a natural or man-made event that is potentially harmful

Back 100

Hazard

Front 101

What is a loss-causing event that impacts human systems

Back 101

Disaster

Front 102

Warmer air temperature = _____ hurricane

Back 102

Bigger

Front 103

Where do hurricanes occur?

Back 103

Tropics/sub-tropics (10-30 degrees latitude)

Front 104

What measures hurricane intensity?

Back 104

Simpson scale

Front 105

What are flash floods

Back 105

Quickest floods to come, can happen in minutes

Front 106

What are coastal floods

Back 106

Water floods from oceans

Front 107

What are fluvial floods

Back 107

Water comes from rivers overflowing

Front 108

What are 1,000 year floods

Back 108

There is a .1% chance that type of flood could happen again