Geog 470 Final

Front 1

Main point

Back 1

ground water and surface water should be viewed as a single resource

Front 2

Water Table

Back 2

upper surface of the saturated zone

Front 3

Riparian zone

Back 3

Vegetation zone along the river

Front 4

Discharge

Back 4

(Q) is always a volume per time

Front 5

Focused recharge

Back 5

enhanced local recharge as opposed to regional recharge

Front 6

Bank storage

Back 6

groundwater movement from river into adjacent banks during a flood; this tends to reduce flood peaks

Front 7

Hyporheic zone

Back 7

subsurface zone where stream water flows through short segments of its adjacent bed and banks

Front 8

Piezometer

Back 8

Vertical tube with hole on the base that measure water pressure by the pressure it exerted upwards in the hole; used at various depths in the saturated zone

Front 9

Ground water discharge=

Back 9

aquifer area * (hydraulic head *permeability)

Front 10

Fens

Back 10

wetlands that commonly receive groundwater discharge

Front 11

bogs or Moors

Back 11

wetlands that occupy uplands or flat areas and receive much of their water from precipitation

Front 12

Ground water chemistry is based on...

Back 12

the type of geogologic materials present and the length of time the water is in contact with those materials

Front 13

Metals stay dissolved in acidic water? T/F?

Back 13

True
and increased pH causes them to precipitate from solution

Front 14

Iron precipitates from

Back 14

alkaline water and dissolves in acidic water

Front 15

Sorption

Back 15

attachment of cations to clay, and pesticides to solid surfaces. The release of these is termed desorption

Front 16

Ion exchange

Back 16

Replacement of ions.

Water softeners contain sodium which replaces the calcium and magnesium in the water

Front 17

Biodegradation

Back 17

the decomposition of organic chemicals by living organisms using enzymes

Front 18

Enzymes

Back 18

are specialized organic compound made by living organisms that speed up reactions with other organic compounds

Front 19

As water passes through the hyporheic zone, what gets removed?

Back 19

dissolved metals are moved by precipitation of metal oxide coatings on the sediments

Front 20

in some estuaries, sulfate rich regional ground water mixes with carbonate rich local ground water and with chloride rich seawater, creating sharp boundaries that separate palnt and wildlife communitites

Back 20

0

Front 21

Nitrate pollution

Back 21

is a direct consequence of fertilizer use. High concentrations of nitrate runoff or groundwater pollution can contribute to excessive growth of aquatic plants, depletion of oxygen and fish kills

Front 22

point source pollution

Back 22

pollution area or volume is small compared to area or volume of the receiving body

Front 23

Non-point pollution

Back 23

depends on the scale at which a problem is considered; can include numerous point sources or regional impact from the atmospher

Front 24

Salinization

Back 24

is one impact of irrigation in hot arid climates

Front 25

The irony of levees is

Back 25

that if they fail during a major flood, the area, depth and duration of flooding may be greater than if the levees were not present

Front 26

Deforestation tends to decrease

Back 26

evapotranspirations, increase storm runoff and soil erosion, and decrease infiltration to ground water and the base flow of streams. Most of these effects are generally viewed as undesirable

Front 27

Acid rain can increase the solubility of metals and the flushing of those metals in surface waters. T/F?

Back 27

True

Front 28

Dew point

Back 28

is the temperature of an air mass when it is saturated

Front 29

Four causes of rising air

Back 29

Orographic
Frontal
Convection
Convergence

Front 30

Air mass types

Back 30

mP, mT
cP, cT
A
AA

Front 31

infiltration

Back 31

the passage of water through the surface of the soil, via pores or small opening, into the soil profile.

Front 32

Estimating infiltration rates

Back 32

Horton equation
green-ampt equation
Darcy's law
in the field ring infiltrometers are used

Front 33

Hydraulic conductivity (K)
or
permeability

Back 33

the ability of a soil to transmit water under a unit hydraulic gradient

Front 34

Percolation test=

Back 34

Velocity at which ponded water flows into soil

Front 35

Soil water content=

Back 35

water volume/ total soil volume; or

1- (soil particle volume/ total soil volume)

Front 36

Gravimetric soil water content=

Back 36

mass water/ mass solids

Front 37

Bulk density =

Back 37

Total mass/ total volume

Front 38

Dry Bulk density =

Back 38

total mass of solids/ total volume

Front 39

Specific gravity=

Back 39

density of particles/ denstiy of water

Front 40

Water density

Back 40

1 g/cm^3

62.4 lb/ ft^3

Front 41

Adhesion=

Back 41

attraction of water to soil surfaces

cohesion= attraction of water to water

Front 42

Field capactiy=

Back 42

water in soil after gravity flow of water out of soil ends

Front 43

PAW=

Back 43

Plant available water

Front 44

Evapotranspiration 2 factors

Back 44

1- source of energy supply latent heat

2- a process that removes the water vapor adjacent to the evaporating surface

Front 45

PET is

Back 45

the amount of ET that would occur when there is unlimited water available;
AET is the amount of ET that actually occurs when water is limited

Front 46

phretophyte

Back 46

a plant that taps into groundwater for its water supply

Front 47

Class A pan

Back 47

overestimates losses.
Better if buried.
May vary yr to yr in high plains

Front 48

Lake evaporation is the best estimate for

Back 48

water losses in a region

Front 49

Watershed factors that affect runoff

Back 49

size
topography
shape
orientation
geology
soil
interflow/ baseflow

Front 50

SWMM=

Back 50

Stormwater management Model
is a GIS based program to estimate peak flows and stormwater routing in an urban environment

Front 51

Stream rejuvenation 4 causes

Back 51

1- uplift
2-sea level change
3- change in discharge
4- change in sediment supply