Geog 1113 Test 3 Uga

Front 1

Where does most CO2 come from?

Back 1

the soil

Front 2

Karst topography is well developed in these parts of the world

Back 2

mid latitude cool climates or tropical climates because they have abundant rainfall and vegetation

Front 3

_______ water can hold more CO2

Back 3

cold

Front 4

What affects the Karst Process

Back 4

the amount of CO2 in the water affects the strength of the carbonic acid, which affects the rate of dissolution

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Key ingredient in Karst

Back 5

water

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Karst

Back 6

a type of landscape associated with the chemical erosion of soluble limestone (CaCO3 rich) or dolomite (CaMG[CO3]2)

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basic process of carbonation

Back 7

reaction of carbonic acid (H2CO3) with minerals

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spring

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a surface flow of water that emerges from underground, not under pressure from an unconfined aquifer.

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artisan well

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a flow of water onto the surface under pressure from a confined aquifer

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confined aquifer

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an impermeable layer above and below it, and is recharged in select places

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zone of saturation

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an unconfined aquifer

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unconfined aquifer

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with a permeable layer above and an impermeable layer below

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Doline Karst

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areas of numerous dolines or sinkholes. usually a shallow, circular to oval-shaped, closed depression created by removal of material from below the surface. Most widely distributed type of Karst landscape.

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Uvala

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2 or more dolines in which have coalesced into one... S. Indiana, Cent Kentucky, Tennessee and N. Florida

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Cockpit Karst

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area of depression surrounded by 5 towers or cones, forming a star shaped pattern. Used for deep-space research, found in Jamaica

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Cone and Tower Karst

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similar to cockpit karst, but with steeper-sided towers, smaller depressions and usually not star-shaped example in mainland china, cuba, or belize

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Fluviokarst

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a landscape of deranged drainage, blind valleys, large springs or most any running water system in limestone formation areas. Also ares of sinking or disappearing streams wiht shallow holes

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Polje Karst

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Large, flat floored closed depression often milled with alluvium flooors and susceptible to flooding

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Ponor

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cave opening

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Labyrinth Karst

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intersecting solution corridors and canyons. ex NQ territories in Canada

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Longest known cave-

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Mammoth Cave *flint system* Kentucky 500 km=310 miles

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Single conduit passages

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linear passages, angulate passages, sinuous passages.

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maze passages

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network mazes, anastomosing mazes, spongework mazes

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speleothems

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secondary chemical crystallization (depositional features) of caves, the general term for all cave formations

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stalagmite

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depositional feature builds from the floor up

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stalactite

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depositional feature which grows downward from the ceiling

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tufa

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precipitate which forms along a wall, on rocks and other surfaces

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Evidence of climate change

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seafloor sediments, tree rings, palynology, geology, historical records, oxygen isotope analysis

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when temps are colder... (oxygen isotope analysis)

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ice cores is more 16O than 18O than under warmer conditions and sea shells is more 18O than 16O than under warmer conditions

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glacier

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a large body of ice, formed on land from the accumulation and recrystallization of snow, but that is in motion

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firn line

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or snow line, above which firn or granular compacted snow develops

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Zone of ablation

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a glaciers lower end or area of stress

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How do glaciers move?

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Gravity (weight and pressure)

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continental ice sheets

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over 3000m thick may cause isostatic depression of over 2000 m. Ex greenland and antartica

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ice cap

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continuous ice mass in the mtns are circular in shape

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Ice field

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elongated pattern doesnt cover high peaks and ridges. ex. patagonian ice field in andes

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Valley glacier

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ice mass within a valley originally formed by stream erosion

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cirque glacier

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originates in a cirque or bowl-shaped recess of a mountain; several of these may join to form a valley glacier

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piedmont glacier

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several valley glaciers which have coalesced at a mountain range base

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tidal glacier

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one that ends in the sea may undergo calving

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calving

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breaking off of large pieces of ice or icebergs into the sea

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glacial lakes

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best known are the 5 great lakes. originally low areas then scoured deeper by glaciers filled by meltwater and confined by glacier deposits on their edges. Finger lakes in upstate NY are another EX

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Pluvial lakes

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developed in a presently arid area during times of heavier precipitation association with glaciation. EX: dry lakes in Nevada

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Glacial drift

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the unsorted and sorted (stratified) solid material carried and deposited by a glacier

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glacial till

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unsorted deposits carried at the base of a glacier

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stratified drift

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material carried some distances by meltwater and thus sorted in size somewhat

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erratics

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large boulders transported far from their source

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moraines

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a ridege or mound of glacial debris deposited during the melting phase of glacier

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terminal moraine

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curving irregular ridge which marks the farthest advance of the glacier

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recessional moraine

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similar to terminal, but created when a receding glacier stops temp. and deposits new material

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ground moraine

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blanket of unsorted glacial till laid down at base of melting glacier

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drumlins

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a smooth, elliptical or cigar-shaped hill of modest size composed of glacial till.

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meltwater deposits

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more sorted or stratified material moved by water away from the glacier terminus

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glacial outwash

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water deposited sand and gravel

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outwash plain

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formed ahead of a receding ice sheet by removal of material carried in the meltwater

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esker

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ribbon or sinuous shaped ridge created by the clogging of a river within a glacier

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kettle

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steep-sided, water-filled depression formed after an ice block buried in the outwash plains, melts.

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kame

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a small hill, knob or mound of sand and gravel

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Glacial valleys

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have a characteristic Ushape also called glacial trough; straighter than stream formed valleys

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hanging valley

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a side or tributary valley, evidence of a tributane glacier, usually at a higher elevation than the main valley

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fjord

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a glacial valley which intersects with the ocean and has been flooded by seawater

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cirque

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a scooped out basin at the head of an alpine glacier

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arete

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a sharpe ridge that divides 2 cirque basins

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col

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a pass or saddle-like depression along an arete

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horn

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a pyramidal peak caused by several cirque gouging a mt o all sides

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tarn

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a small lake which forms/collects in a cirque basin behind the lip of the cirque

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rock flour

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finely ground material or till;this along with other fine material in the outwash plain, is the parent material for loess

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lateral moraine

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moraines on the edges of the ice mass

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medical moraine

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moraine running down middle of glacier often formed which a truck (main) or tributary glacier join.

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where is periglacial activity found today?

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high polar and subpolar latitudes

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permafrost

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perennially or permanently frozen ground; rock, soil, water (ground ice), etc. is always frozen

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2 conditions for permafrost

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1.temp in the material has remained below 0 degrees Celsius continuously for more than 2 years. 2. if pore water is present in the material a sufficiently high percentage is frozen to cement the mineral organic particles

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If conditions aren't met then it may be _________________

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seasonally frozen ground

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a _______ _________ may lie directly upon the upper surface of the permafrost (the permafrost table) and annually freeze and thaw

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active layer

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continuous permafrost

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thick, unbroken expanse of permafrost at or near the surface, only frozen areas lie beneath lakes, rivers, or the sea

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discontinuous permafrost

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thinner and contains unfrozen gaps or taliks

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taliks

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unfrozen soil surrounded by permafrost

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sporadic permafrost

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small islands of permafrost occur in a generally unfrozen area, sometimes as relies of a former colder climate

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frost action

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the result of water expanding as it freezes

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frost heave or upfreezing

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upward displacement of rock and fragments within active layer by freezing-thawing of ground; may produce patterned ground

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frost thrusting

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horizontal movement of rock and fragments within the active layer

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frost sorting

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process by which migrating particles are sorted into uniform particle sizes by freezing and thawing

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solifluction

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process of slow downslope flow of saturated unconsolidated material; common in subpolar regions with frozen ground and/or permafrost

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frost creep

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downslope movement of particles resulting from frost heaving of the ground normal to the slope and subsequent nearly vertical settling upon thawing

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rock glaciers

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large, lobate masses of rock debris frozen in interstitial ice; in some cases may be more like a true glacier with large amounts of rock debris riding atop them

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block field

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relatively level areas covered with moderate to large blocks of rock, produced by frost wedging also called fesenmeer; if the accumulation is on a slope then its called a block slope

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ice wedges

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created in vertical cracks or spaces in the soil (through the active layer and often into the permafrost) as they fill with snow, ice, water, and sediments which freeze in winter, enlarging the crack

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ice lenses

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layers or bands of clear, segregated ice under the surface

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patterned ground

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rock, and soil debris, sorted and shaped to form a pattern on the surface. May for rings, polygons, lines, or other geometric shapes. It is the result of frost heaving, frost-pushing, frost thrusting, or a combo of the processes

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pingos

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a round or elliptical mound of sediment with a core of ice

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open system pingos

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groundwater forces its way upward and freezes as it approaches the surface (an ice lens); the ice core grows as may water moves upward and freezes

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closed system pingo

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the result of a rising permafrost table after a lake is drained; isolataed masses of water pushed upward freeze, and push up the ground; size of the resulting pingo is a function of the size of the original body of water

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WIND

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works as an agent of erosion, transport, and deposition

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deflation

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process whereby wind sqeeps along a surface carrying away the finest particles, leaving behind the larger particles and fragments

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desert pavement

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a landscape as a result of deflation, large pebbles help protect against further deflation of the remaining fine particles

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blowout hollows or depressions

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shallow desert basin created by deflation; may be small or large in diameter

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abrasion

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grinding of surfaces with a "sandblasting" action by windblown particles. restricted to a layer only 1-2 meters above the surface

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ventifacts

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rocks which bear evidence of wind abrasion polished, grooved, pitter; usually <20 cm in size one side sand blasted forming a 30 degree slope to it

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yardongs

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low, keel-shaped ridges or streamline rock structures that form parallel to the most effective wind direction up to 50 m tall, 1km wide, and 20 km long. wind blows from steep, higher end

Front 100

Eolian Transport

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what is transported and how far controlled by wind velocity and particle size

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suspension

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finest, smallest particles held aloft by wind

Front 102

saltation

Back 102

larger particles moved along by bouncing them across the surface; up to 80% of materials transported in the formation of dunes is by saltation

Front 103

surface creep

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larger fragments pushed by strong winds, and/or saltating particles hitting them

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dust storm

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wind storm in which the finer suspended particles are carried long distances may reach hundreds of feet in the air

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sand storm

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wind storm in which the larger sand-sized particles are carried along in suspension; reaches heights of no more than 2 m off the ground

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Eolian Deposition

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various features are created when the wind slows and the transported materials settle out. Most recognizable feature is a sand dune

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ripples

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smallest features shaped by saltating sand grains. form at right angles to the wind direction. look similar to the longitudinal ripples on water

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erg

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or sand sea, extensive areas of sand dunes

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dunes

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3 aspects to consider:
1. are they stable or unstable (moving?)
2. what is their shape or form?
3. arrangement in the landscape

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windward or stoss side dunes

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long, gentle slope (upwind side)

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slipface dunes

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leeward side, formed once sand accumulates over 12 inches deep; steeper shorter slope; its angle of repose=30to34 degrees. Direction of wind is going, downward side.

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Crescent Dunes

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Barchan, parabolic, transverse, barchanoid ridges

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cresentric dunes

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general crescent shape from unidirectional wind pattern; most common type of dune

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barchan dunes

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a steep slip face that is concave in the downward direction; the horns of the crescent point in the direction the wind is going

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Parabolic Dunes

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the slip face is convex downward; the horns of the crescent point in the direction the wind is coming from

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transverse

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elongate dunes that form perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction

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barchanoid ridges

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similar to transverse dunes, but have a little more curve to them, composed of coalescing barchan dunes

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linear dunes

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form long parallel ridges separated by bare ground, usually in areas of more limited sand supply. Longer than they are wide. There is longitudinal and seif

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longitudinal

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long, slightly sinuous, ride-shaped dune with 2 slipfaces. form from a bidirectional wind pattern

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seif

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more sinuous crest and shorted than longitudinal dune

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star dunes

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pin wheel shape, formed by a complicated, changing wind pattern, often by wind blowing in 3 or more directions.

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Loess

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a deposit of very fine silt and clay material blow by wind, sometimes hundreds of miles, often associated with glacial activity

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Cross-bedding

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stratification incline to the original horizontal surface upon which the sediment accumulated

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Arid landscapes and landforms

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characterized by dry conditions with little rainfall or vegetation. Cover 25-35% of earths land suface. highest potential evapotranspiration and insolation. landscapes shaped by fluvial and eolian agents--chemical and mechanical weathering

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Desert

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area which receives <10 in of rain/year

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Semi-arid

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area which receives 10-20 in of rain/year

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Dry streambeds

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only carry water during times of rainfall or flood. Also called Arroyo, wadi, wash

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Emphemeral lake

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Filled only during wet seasons or after rains; The dry lake bed is called a playa and is often salt encrusted

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Alluvial fan

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an area of fluvial deposition at the mouth of canyon where it exists into a broader valley

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Bajada

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is an area where several alluvial fans have coalesced into one large sloping surface

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Mesa

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A large flat-topped feature wherein the distance across the top is much greater than the height of the landform

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Butte

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a flat-topped feature wherein the distance across the top is smaller than the height of the landform