Geog 122 Test #3

Front 1

What types of extinct flightless birds were native to Hawaii?

Back 1

Moa Nalo

Front 2

How did sea birds fare versus land birds?

Back 2

Are more common, done well over the years

Front 3

What are the causes of the decline of bird species in the archipelago?

Back 3

- Habitat loss

- Competition

- Predation

- Diseases

Front 4

Can you name a native bird?

Back 4

I‘iwi

Front 5

What is the most common bird in the main islands today?

Back 5

Japanese White-Eye

Front 6

What type of native snails are found in the Wai'anae and Ko'olau mountains?

Back 6

Achatinellia

Front 7

What are the threats to native snails?

Back 7

- J.T. Gulick/Collection (former)

- Habitat destruction

- Rosy Wolf Snail (predator)

- Polynesian rat (predator)

Front 8

What are some evolutionary trends and unique example associated with Hawaiian insects?

Back 8

Carnivorous caterpillars

Front 9

What insect lives at the top of Mauna Kea?

Back 9

Wēkiu Bug

Front 10

How have rates of species introductions changed since Polynesian and European arrival in the islands?

Back 10

They have increased. One million times the natural rate.

Front 11

Can you give some examples of invasive alien species?

Back 11

- Strawberry Guava

- Kahili Ginger

- Banana Poka

Front 12

How does the number of non-native species compare to natives for various types of plants and animals?

Back 12

About equal.

Front 13

What are some example of non-native species transforming native ecosystems?

Back 13

- Kahili Ginger: reduces nutrient availability for native plants

- Axis Deer: graze native vegetation, difficult to contain

Front 14

What terminology is associated with legal definitions of species abundance?

Back 14

- Endangered

- Threatened

- Proposed

- Candidate

- At-risk

- Critical

- Essential

Front 15

How many species in Hawaii are endangered and what are some examples?

Back 15

349 endangered species.

- Hibiscus

- Monk seals

Front 16

What are the causes of species endangerment?

Back 16

- Habitat loss

- Competition

Front 17

What is the most threatened habitat in Hawaii?

Back 17

Low-land Dry Forest

Front 18

What habitat types are most degraded and where is endangered species habitat mostly found?

Back 18

- Dry forest most degraded

- Endangered species habitat mostly found in Hawaii

Front 19

As a percentage, how much land in Hawaii is designated under some form of protection?

Back 19

25%

Front 20

What types of protected areas are found in Hawaii?

Back 20

- National Park

- National Wildlife Refuges

- National Marine Sanctuaries

- State Forest Reserve

- Natural Area Reserves

- State Wilderness Preserves / Wildlife Sanctuaries

- Marine Life Conservation Districts

- State Parks

Front 21

Can you give examples of different protected areas and differences in management strategies?

Back 21

- Ka'aena Natural Area Reserve: built a fence to protect the ground nesting birds; traffic is restrictedHawaiian

- Homelands: previously used for cattle to graze; land is ruined; state didn't try to fix the gorse infestation until it was very-well established

Front 22

What is an effective method of protecting native habitat?

Back 22

Natural Area Reserves

Front 23

What is the traditional theory concerning the timing and sequence of settlement and arrival of Polynesian colonizers?

Back 23

- Europeans originally thought the Hawaiians came from Tahiti, this may have been the 2nd arrival

- 1st settlement may have come from the Marquesas

- Settled east side of the islands first, moving westward over time.

Front 24

What was the primary land division under Hawaiian tenure?

Back 24

‘Ahupua‘a

Front 25

Can you name several canoe plants and their uses?

Back 25

- Kou = wood

- Kamani = Lamp oil• Bowls• Scent• Medicine

- Kukui = Light• Dye• Oil• Medicine

- Milo = Bowls• Dye• Medicine• Shade

- Noni = Medicine• Food

- ‘Ōhiʻa ‘ai = Food• Medicine

Front 26

When did Europeans first come to Hawaii?

Back 26

January 1778

Front 27

What native tree was the source of the first commercial economy in Hawaii?

Back 27

Sandalwood

Front 28

When was Hawaii annexed by the United States, who was behind it and why?

Back 28

Annexed in 1898. Lorrin Thurston. why?

Front 29

What industries have historically dominated Hawaii's economy and in what order?

Back 29

- Sandalwood

- Whaling

- Sugar

- Pineapple

- Military

- Tourism

Front 30

What resources does Hawaii rely on for most of its energy?

Back 30

Petroleum

Front 31

What are some paradigms for Hawaii in the 21st century?

Back 31

- Global change

- Endangered Species

- Sustainability

- Energy Dependence

Front 32

Essential Habitat

Back 32

Areas that may be needed to recover an endangered species; used in species recovery efforts, but not given legal protection.

Front 33

Critical Habitat

Back 33

Areas officially deemed necessary to a species' conservation; given some legal protection.

Front 34

At-risk Species

Back 34

Any species, subspecies, or variety that is either endangered or may become endangered in the foreseeable future.

Front 35

Candidate Species

Back 35

A species identified as qualifying for listing as endangered or threatened but has not yet been proposed for listing.

Front 36

Proposed Species

Back 36

A species that has been officially recommended for listing as endangered or threatened, but listing has not yet been approved.

Front 37

Threatened Species

Back 37

Any species likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future.

Front 38

Endangered Species

Back 38

Any species in danger of extinction throughout all, or significant portion, of its range.

Front 39

National Parks

Back 39

Federally managed• Recreation• Conservation• Science• Biosphere Reserve

Ex: Kipahulu Valley: Haleakalā

Front 40

National Wildlife Refuges

Back 40

Variable• Wetlands and water fowl• Atolls• Montane Forest

Ex: Kealia National Wildlife Refuges

Front 41

National Marine Sanctuaries

Back 41

Ex: Maui

Front 42

State Forest Reserve

Back 42

Watershed purposes• High percentage of biodiversity• Managed for hunting feral game

Ex: Kapalama

Front 43

Natural Area Reserves

Back 43

Created to preserve native ecosystems and natural features

Ex: Ka‘ala Natural Area Reserve

Front 44

State Wilderness Preserves / Wildlife Sanctuaries

Back 44

Large areas set aside for wilderness or small areas set aside for protection of individual species

Front 45

Marine Conservation Districts

Back 45

Near shore for marine life protection and public viewing

- Hanauma Bay

Front 46

State Parks

Back 46

- Recreation andecosystem protection

- Challenging to accommodate both with limited management

Ex: Nā Pali Coast State Park