Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the three urbanization trends? |
1. Rapidly increasing numbers of large cities 2. Increasing population of cities 3. Increasing size of cities |
|
|
What is China trying to do with nine of its cities? |
Combine, making mega-city twice the size of whales |
|
|
What are the LDC Urbanization trends? |
Rapid expansion: rural to urban, urban pop growth, explosive peri-urban growth, huge planning problems primate cities westernization of cities: transportation-driven 'sprawl', some formalized urban planning |
|
|
What are Africa's urban challenges? |
- Least urban, but fastest growth in the world
- Resource-poor cities - Poorly planned - Huge informal settlement challenges |
|
|
What are informal settlements? |
Neighborhoods/communities not planned by a recognized planning authority |
|
|
What are the problems of informal settlements? |
1. although there are individual successes, there will be community failures such as access, waste collection, water & sanitation 2. Most individuals are not trained home builders (earthquake, fire risk) |
|
|
What are disaster zone demographics? |
- poor DR nationals - haitian migrants (legal & illegal) - lowest economic levels in community - located next to river (water access + vacant land) |
|
|
What are common responses to squatter settlements? |
1. bulldozing 2. resettlement 3. in situ upgrading: physical, social, economic & environmental improvements |
|
|
What is happening in Lagos, Nigeria in terms of growth? |
- highest growth rate of all cities
- challenges arise such as traffic, housing, food production, ethnic conflict, climate change |
|
|
What new problem has arisen for Lagos, Nigeria and how to address those issues? |
Sea-levels are rising - protect (putting them behind a wall) - accommodate (raise communities) - avoid (proactive planning) puts them in places where they wont be exposed - retreat |
|
|
What are the spatial aspects of economy? |
How people earn a living in diff areas How livelihoods systems vary from place to place How economic activities are spatially related |
|
|
What are the 5 economic sectors? |
1. Primary sector - harvest/extraction 2. Secondary sector - value added 3. Tertiary sector - service sector 4. Quaternary sector - white collar services 5. transportation and utilities - facilitates the four other levels |
|
|
What is extensive subsistence agriculture? |
The type of agriculture where groups will clear land, use it for 10-15 years, and when no longer fertile, they move on and clear another patch of land |
|
|
What is intensive subsistence agriculture? |
Emphasises high inputs in a small land area by using fertilizers and pesticides, water, labour, and mechanization |
|
|
What are the basic rules of large-scale commercial/capitalists? |
- subsistence farming is inefficient - specialization turns into efficiency |
|
|
Why is the percent of total employment in agriculture declining? |
- steady pop growth --> excess pop cannot be absorbed into agriculture b/c theres no more space for new farms/farmers |
|
|
What are the forms of agricultural expansion? |
- Extensification (habitat conversion) of forests, wetlands, mechanization
- intensification of labour, fertilizers/pesticides, high yield varieties, GMOs, irrigation, mechanization |
|
|
What are the environmental impacts of agricultural intensification and extensification? |
Intensification: pollution, loss of biodiversity, GMO risks, water depletion, GHG, human health, soil fertility/health Extensification: loss of habitat, biodiversity, deforestation, erosion, energy use, reduced carbbon sinks/increased CO2 emissions |
|
|
What is the Land use theory and the von thunen rings? |
The theory that identical agricultural land will be used differently, depending on the distance from urban centers. Von thunen rings are an idealized pattern of rural land use around urban areas (perishables = near, durables = far) |
|
|
What are three different ways von thunen rings can be distorted? |
1. river/highway 2. grid highway network 3. small, secondary market |
|
|
What are food miles? |
The distance that food items traveled from the location where they are grown/raised to the location where they are consumed (higher miles = higher emissions) |
|
|
What are the criticisms for local food? |
- local does not equal organic (agrochemical pollution) - denies LDC farmers a chance - local food may produce higher GHG emissions (hothouse tomatoes) - expensive - reduces choice |
|
|
What are direct and indirect factors of production? |
Direct: raw materials, labour, financial capital, markets, energy Indirect: tech, transportation, infrastructure, financial system, gov't support, education, entrepreneurship |
|
|
What is kitimat known as? |
The location of industrial production. It has cheap local energy and a deep water port for transportation of finished goods |
|
|
What is the least-cost theory and the different methods of determining? |
point at which total of all costs associated with industry are minimized. Can be shown using a locational triangle, plane table solution, or complex computer model |
|
|
What is locational interdependence theory? |
Industries locate near each other to create locational monopolies, ensure equal market access and have a mutual advantage from nearby industries, AKA agglomeration (e.g. silicon valley) |
|
|
Why did companies locate in Silicon Valley? |
skilled labour, innovative tech, reliable infrastructure & locational inbterdependence |
|
|
What are the spatial cost differences? |
Outsourcing: sub-contracting work to arms-length/independent companies - cost reduction - flexibility in production - local or foreign Offshoring: moving operations from high to low cost countries - 366x higher |
|
|
What are the characteristics of the high tech industry? |
- specialized class of secondary activity (sometimes secondary, tertiary, or both) - different locational forces (proximity to universities/educated labour, local veneture capital, high quality of life reputations, secure comm, power & transport) - strong agglomeration tendencies |
|
|
Where do start-ups in IT come from? |
41% are spin-outs from other IT firms of influence, 44% are spin-offs of university knowledge transfer, 15% are unrelated to either |
|
|
What are the key factors in waterloo's high-tech cluster? |
- strategic partnerships - skilled labour - UW: interconnectedness - civic capital/community - sense of (high tech) community |
|
|
What are post-industrial economies? |
- economies with rapidly declining primary & secondary economies - tertiary & higher sectors (financial services, IT, management consulting, high level decision-making) |
|
|
What is the tertiary sector and how much of Canada's labour force is employed in tertiary and beyond? |
lower-level services that meet the day-to-day needs of people and fulfill the usual functions found in towns and small cities, supporting primary & secondary activities. 74% tertiary & beyond
|
|
|
What are economies in transition? |
a developmental transition from subsistence to industrial to postindustrial, transforming from primary to primary + secondary to primary + secondary + tertiary --> quaternary |
|
|
What makes tertiary sector more attractive over primary and secondary sector? |
- safe - physically modest - mobility - $ - makes use of soft skills |
|
|
Why is there a trend to move towards the tertiary sector in post-industrialism? |
- rising incomes, purchasing power, and disposable income increase demand for services - lifestyle changes - business changes to outsourcing - tech innovation, giving new service options |
|
|
What is the most important tertiary sector activity and the spatial differences it has compared to most other tertiary activities? |
Tourism - main tertiary activity in developing countries - major foreign exchange earner in LDCs - one of few non-urban tertiary activities - one of few tertiary activities with strong spatial dependency |
|
|
What is the quaternary sector? |
- advanced services
- highly specialized in terms of knowledge, technical skills, and admin skills - can be spatially independent from clients - e.g. tax consultants, software developers |
|
|
What are the development labels? |
first: industrialized, free market, democratic second: industrialized, centrally-planned third: developing countries fourth: least-developed countries |
|
|
What are the 5 global development trends? |
1. LDC economies growing faster than DCs 2. many measrues of development improving for LDCs 3. DCs --> tertiary 4. LDCS taken over manufacturing --> tertiary 5. Huge development disparities remain (bottom billion) |
|
|
In Hans Gosling's teds talk video, what did he talk about and what wast the trend to note? |
- Swedish students took a pre-test for which country had the highest child mortality and a lot of them got it wrong. - They said that the world is still we and them (western: small family/long life vs third world: big family/short life) - trend towards long life, small family |
|
|
What are the development traps? |
poverty: unable to save and accumulate capital, end up depleting natural capital demography: poorest countries have high total fertility rates + population growth rate, and the consequence is that a family cannot invest in the human capital of their children lack of innovation: invention is stifled by lack of capital, especially a meager market cultural barriers physical geographic issues gov't failure: developing world full of corrupt gov't, world's poorest countries tend to have world's worst regimes fiscal traps: debt cycle makes it almost impossible to iv nest in development |
|
|
What is the modernization theory?
|
Thought that development uses western society as a model for the developed by adopting factors such as industrialization, tech, capitalism, democracy, and western values |
|
|
What are the most popular economic measures? |
GDP, GNI, GNI-PPP |
|
|
What is PPP? |
Purchasing power parity is the cost of a basket of equivalent goods in each country |
|
|
What are some other single measures for development? |
Technology food availability (caloric intake) energy consumption |
|
|
What are the typical social indicators for non-economic measures? |
education public services heatlh indicators gender equality |
|
|
Why might economic & single indicators not be good? |
contradictory simple occasionally very wrong |
|
|
What is a composite development index? |
a limited number of indicators where each is assigned a weighting and the total score is calculated. E.g. HDI measures income, life expectency, and literacy |
|
|
What is the Happy Planet Index? |
HPI = LIfe satisfaction x life expectancy / ecological footprint |
|
|
Why should we bother tracking development? |
1. monitoring trends & confirming progress - HIV/Aids infection rates 2. identifying concerns (aid) - gender-equality 3. prioritizing countries (aid) - bottom billion |
|
|
Who are the actors of development aid
|
Multilateral: sources of funding from multiple countries, channeled through that organization, distributed to countries that need bilateral: one country to another sending aid packages - NGOs |
|
|
What are the different approaches for development aid? |
structural adjustment financial --> loans + grants technical aid capacity building |
|
|
What are the problems associated with development aid? |
questionable impact tied aid & aid for whom? contradictory goals lack of coordination |
|
|
What are the 5 main goals of development aid? |
Development (poverty alleviation) Humanitarian aid (relief, BN) advocacy (transformative change) trade & business peace-making, peace keeping & security |
|
|
How did geographers see the environment in the past and now? |
Old - natural environment (physical conditions of an area) - culture/landscape interactions New - human impacts on environment (sustainability, climate change) - hazardous environments (adapting, risk reduction) |
|
|
What are the human impacts on environmental modification? |
- agriculture - logging (forest conversion) - human settlements - mining |
|
|
What is the definition of human impact on the environment? |
any change, positive or negative, caused by the actions of humans to the environment, including atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and ecosystems |
|
|
What were the direct and indirect impacts of the Hoa Binh dam in vietnam? |
Direct - reservoir contributed to deforestation + valley bottom habitat changing Indirect - downstream river ecosystem changes - Hoa Binh town (induced settlement) - valley side deforestation b/c farmers moved out/displaced - erosion - reservoir siltation |
|
|
What were the direct and indirect impacts of the trans-amazon highway? |
Direct - footprint of the road itself Indirect - defoestation due to access that the road is providing, creating huge indirect settlements |
|
|
What are the two types of cumulative impacts? |
Additive: impacts simply add together (e.g. water withdrawal) Synergistic: impacts work together to create larger impact (e.g. ozone + nitrous oxide + diesel particles = photochemical smog) |
|
|
What were the changing perspectives of hazards thinking? |
pre-1930s: hazards = acts of god 1930-1960: stop hazards from causing disasters (structural approach) 1960-1990: 'natural' hazards & disasters 1990-present: unnatural hazards & human vulnerability |
|
|
What are the 5 main threats to coral reefs? |
1. Overexploitation 2. Coastal development 3. Inland pollution & erosion 4. Marine pollution 5. Climate change-related ocean warming |
|
|
What are three examples of overexploitation? |
Anchor damage, bomb fishing, cyanide fishing |
|
|
What does inland pollution & erosion include? |
soil & sediment deforestation, inappropriate farming practices |
|
|
What is the pacific trash vortex? |
plastic trash swept up by currents of a gigantic swirling vortex called the north pacific gyre, and in the centre the result is a trash carpet the size of texas |
|
|
What are the sources of marine debris? |
80% land-based non-point source pollution from creeks,flood events, storm sewers, windblown - new source: tsunami debris |
|
|
What are potential solutions for marine debris? |
- local clean ups, volunteering - marine debris prevention using tech - trash water wheel: turned by the current, turns the conveyor belt, slowly picking up all the trash in the water |
|
|
What is the primary cause of bleaching of coral reefs? |
high water temperature --> increase of 1.5-2 degrees celsius lasting 6-8 weeks is enough to trigger bleaching other stressors include disease, sedimentation, pollutants, and change in salinity |
|
|
What are the impacts of ocean acidification? |
- decreased coral growth - decreased marine algae & zooplankton success - decreased survival of larval marine species - increased jellyfish success |
|
|
What are future actions for the protection of the marine environment? |
MPAs (marine protected areas), pollution & debris control programs, reef restoration |
