Geo Vertebrates

Front 1

fenestrae

Back 1

openings in temporal region (behind the eyes) of skull that provide space for jaw muscles to safely bulge

Front 2

anapsid

Back 2

skull w/ no temporal fenestrae (turtles, early tetrapods)

Front 3

synapsid

Back 3

1 hold in skull (mammals and immediate ancestors)

Front 4

diapsid

Back 4

2 holes in skull - reptiles, birds, and dinos

Front 5

cervical vertebrae

Back 5

vertebrae of the neck

first is atlas
second is axis

can have more than 2

Front 6

dorsal (thoratic) vertebrae

Back 6

extend from base of neck to pelvis, not connect to pelvic bones

Front 7

sacral vertebrae

Back 7

the vertebrae that attach to pelvic girdle

often fused to create "sacrum"

Front 8

caudal vertebrae

Back 8

vertebrae of the tail

Front 9

scapula

Back 9

sholder blade

Front 10

coracoid

Back 10

bone at top/front of scapula

Front 11

clavicle

Back 11

collar bone

Front 12

pectoral girdle

Back 12

set of shoulder bones inc scapula coracoid and clavicle

Front 13

forelimb

Back 13

arm

Front 14

humerus

Back 14

upper arm bone

Front 15

ulna

Back 15

lower arm bone lines up with pinky

Front 16

radius

Back 16

lower arm bown that lines up with thumb

Front 17

carpals

Back 17

several small bones that comprise the wrist

Front 18

metacarpals

Back 18

bones in palm of hand

Front 19

phalanges

Back 19

finger bones

Front 20

pelvic girdle

Back 20

bones of hip region

Front 21

3 bones of pelvis

Back 21

ilium, ischium, pubis

Front 22

ilium

Back 22

most dorsal of 3 bones in pelvis`

Front 23

ischium

Back 23

ventral posterior third of the pelvic girdle

Front 24

pubis

Back 24

ventral anterior portion of pelvic girdle

Front 25

acetabulum

Back 25

the socket that houses the ball at the top of the femur, in between the 3 pelvic bones

Front 26

femur

Back 26

upper leg bone

Front 27

tibia

Back 27

the larger of the two lower leg bones (shin bone)

Front 28

fibula

Back 28

smaller of two lower leg bones (calf bone)

Front 29

tarsals

Back 29

multiple bones comprising the ankle

Front 30

metatarsals

Back 30

bones in the sole of the foot

Front 31

phalanges

Back 31

individual toe bones

Front 32

3 qualities distinguish ancestral vertebrates from nonvertebrates

Back 32

1. dorsal hollow nerve cord
2. gill slits at some stage of devel
3. a dorsal stiffening rod (notochord) present at some stage of dev -- early predecessor to back bone

Front 33

lampreys

Back 33

fish w/ sucker mouth that attaches to other fish, sucks out the guts

Front 34

jawless fishes

Back 34

extinct, had bony plates on head, fead on detritus covering floor

Front 35

gnathostomata

Back 35

jawed vertebrates

jaws are modified gill arches

Front 36

chondrichthyes

Back 36

sharks and rays

Front 37

osteichtyes

Back 37

bony fish

Front 38

actinopterygii

Back 38

ray finned fish - most that are living today

fins supported by thin bony rays

Front 39

sarcopterygii

Back 39

some bones in fins, but not at all like rays

Front 40

choanata

Back 40

fish w/ openings in roof of mouth, allows breathe w/ mouth closed

mostly lungfishes/tetrapods

Front 41

tetrapoda

Back 41

only fish vertebrates to conquere land, four limbs w/ digits in hands/feet

Front 42

amniota

Back 42

clade of amphibia w/ eggs in amniotic sac, no longer have to lay in water

Front 43

reptilia

Back 43

group including turtles (anapsid) and diapsids

Front 44

testudines

Back 44

turtles -- highly modified tetrapods

Front 45

theropoda

Back 45

all carnivorous dinos

Front 46

aves

Back 46

all modern birds, lossof teeth and highly derived skeleton