Axial Skeleton Of Vertebrates

Front 1

In fish the vertebral column is designed

Back 1

to resist compresion, it changes muscle contractions into undulations, vertebrae are all similar

Front 2

In tetrapods the vertebral column is designed to....

Back 2

support the weight of the body on land, allows some dorsal, ventral bending, articulates with girdles, shows regional specialization

Front 3

Middle part of the vertebrae that surrounds the notochord if it persists in the adult

Back 3

Centrum

Front 4

Located on the top of the vertebrae, the spinal cord runs through this

Back 4

Neural arch

Front 5

Present in some vertebrates, this is located on the bottom of the vertebrae and is where blood vessels reside

Back 5

Hemal arch

Front 6

Lateral processes on the vertebrae that articulate with the tuberculum of the rib

Back 6

Transverse processes

Front 7

Processes that extend posteriorly and anteriorly to connect two vertebrae together

Back 7

Pre/post zygopophysis

Front 8

This species only has a notochord and neural arches

Back 8

Lamprey

Front 9

the vertebrae is concave on both sides

Back 9

amphicoelous

Front 10

The trunk vertebrae have short transversal processes for ribs, and nueral arch. Tail vertebrae lack processes and also posses a hemal arch, have a highly restricted notochord

Back 10

Vertebrae of sharks

Front 11

In sharks the ......are plates of cartilage that lie between the neural arches of all vertebrae

Back 11

intercalary plate

Front 12

In.....vertebrae intervertebral pads of connective tissue rest between vertebrae, nueral and hemal spines are incredibly long and make up most of the axial skeleton

Back 12

Fish vertebrae

Front 13

This first vertebrae became specialized in amphibians to allow the up and down motion of the head

Back 13

Atlas

Front 14

the last trunk vertebrae in Labryinthadonts became this, the place that allows hindlimb attachment

Back 14

Sacral vertebrae

Front 15

In ancient amphibians the.....made up the main part of the centrum, in modern vertebrates this space is now a cavity between vertebrae that allow for rib articulation

Back 15

Intercentrum

Front 16

These vertebrae have a concave surface on the anterior side and a convex surface on the posterior side

Back 16

procoelous vertebrae

Front 17

The second cervical vertebrae that allows for the side to side motion of the head

Back 17

Axis

Front 18

Found in birds, has a saddle-shapped vertebrae

Back 18

heterocoelous

Front 19

The group with the most flexible neck vertebrae

Back 19

Birds

Front 20

these vertebrae found in mammals have a flat centrum

Back 20

acoelous vertebrae

Front 21

In mammals intervertebral disks are found that have a pulpy center which is what is left of the....

Back 21

Notochord

Front 22

Vertebrae of the neck, has two prominent transverse foramen for lare blood vessels, a large neural arch for spinal cord

Back 22

Cervical vertebrae, there are seven in all mammals

Front 23

In mammals, characterized by a long neural spine and large transversal processes for rib attachment

Back 23

Thoracic vertebrae

Front 24

In mammals, these vertebrae are typically long and heavy with large transversal processes

Back 24

Lumbar vertebrae

Front 25

How many sacral vertebrae do most mammals have

Back 25

3-5 sacral vertebrae

Front 26

These vertebrae in mammals are fused and support the inominate bone or pelvic girdle

Back 26

Sacral vertebrae

Front 27

How many sacral vertebrae do reptiles and amphibians have

Back 27

Amphibians have one sacral vertebrae while reptiles have two

Front 28

These vertebrae make up the tails of mammals, processes are often absent, arches are absent as well

Back 28

caudal vertebrae

Front 29

In birds gives great rigidity to the body and provides strong support for legs, this includes the pelvic girdle

Back 29

synsacrum

Front 30

This bone gives support for the attachment of the long tail feathers in birds

Back 30

pygostyle

Front 31

In mammals this keeps the vertebrae from rubbing together

Back 31

intervertebral disks

Front 32

Bony fish have......ribs that provide..........for muscles, these ribs articulate to the vertebral column in ......

Back 32

ventral ribs
......
strengthed attachments
......
one place
....
ribs also assist in lateral bending of the body

Front 33

Most tetrapods have........of ribs, known as........ that are homologous to the .........ribs of fish

Back 33

one set
......
costal ribs
.....
ventral ribs

Front 34

Ribs in mammals have two processes....what are they and where do they articulate

Back 34

The tuberculum articulates with the transversal process of vertebrae, and the capitulum articulates with the intercentrum

Front 35

Fish have....ribs than mammals

Back 35

fish have more ribs, they were present on all trunk vertebrae
......
mammalian ribs

Front 36

Mammalian ribs articulate with which vertebrae....
Sternal ribs connect to the costal ribs which forms a......

Back 36

thoracic vertebrae
.....
rib cage

Front 37

What is the purpose of the rib cage?

Back 37

protects the heart and lungs

Front 38

This is a rib in tetrapods that does not connect to the sternum

Back 38

floating rib

Front 39

The sternum was not present in ........but it first appeared in ......

Back 39

Labryinthodont
.....
first appeared in modern amphibians

Front 40

This strenghtens the rib cage and braces the pectoral girlds

Back 40

the sternum

Front 41

This groups sternum is especially large and broad, flight muscles are attached here

Back 41

bird sternum,
has a large thin keel for muscle attachment

Front 42

The sternum of this group is typically long, thin, and segmented

Back 42

mammals

Front 43

Present in alligators and crocodiles, these rib like strucutes are found embedded in fibrous tissue just behind the sternum, they support the heavy gut

Back 43

Gastralia