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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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this identify with a group of ppl who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
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Ethnicity
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identity based on physical features
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Race
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belief that human abilities and behaviors are determined by physical attributes
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Racism
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said "separate but equal" racial segregation and Jim Crow Laws followed
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Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
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declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional and this was the 1st step toward series of anti-discrimination civil rights laws
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Brown vs. Board of Ed. Topeka, KA (1954)
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A state(country) in which territorial boundaries contain people of the same ethnicity(nation)
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Nation-State
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strengthen and promote unity among the ppl in a state
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Centripetal Forces
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an ethnicity group who desire but lack their own country
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Stateless Nation
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weaken unity and pull ppl apart in a state
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Centrifugal Forces
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centrifugal process by which a state breaks down through conflict among its ethnic groups
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Balkanization
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forcible removal of an ethnic group
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Ethnic Cleansing
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an independent political unit with an established gov't and sovereignty over a defined territory (a.k.a country)
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State
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able to have internal control over political, economic, and social affairs
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Sovereignty
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an invisible line making the extent of a state's territory; helps to define state's sovereignty
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Boundary
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follows a physical landscape feature (ex. mts, rivers, coasts, etc)
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Physical Boundary
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follows the distribution of cultural characteristics
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Cultural Boundary
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straight line boundaries
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Geometric Boundary
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vertical planes that cut through ground below and airspace above
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International Boundaries
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territory legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent
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Colony
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a superimposed boundary(territorial boundaries drawn by outsiders); European colonial rulers drew boundaries to divide the African continent among themselves (territories of African ethnicities and kingdoms ignored)
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1884-85 Berlin Conference
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This is a common wealth of the U.S
Have U.S citizenship Can move and work in the U.S Don't vote in Pres. elections Don't have voting members of Congress Don't pay fed income tax but pay income tax in Puerto Rico; do pay social security |
Case Study: Puerto Rico
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a sovereign state that has a very small population or land area, or usually both
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Microstate
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states can acquire additional territory by purchase (ex. Louisiana Purchase) from France in 1803
Annexation |
Methods of Acquiring Territory
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the law treaty that UN passed in 1983 in attempt to end disputes over ocean claims
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Law of the Sea
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state sovereignty extends 12 nautical miles off the coast
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Territorial Sea
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this extends 200 nautical miles from a country's coast
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Exclusive Economic Zones
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if ocean territories or EEZs of states overlap, this is used, which equally divides overlap
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Median-Line Principle
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having the power or influence that transcends national gov'ts
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Supernatural Organization
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Political=UN, Military=NATO, and the European Union (EU)
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Types of Supernatural Organizations
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a central govt holds law-making power
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Unitary States
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law-making power is shared b/w a central govt and territorial units
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Federal States
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process of improving material culture of ppl thru diffusion of knowledge and technology
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Development
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Developed countries
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MDCs
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Developing countries
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LDCs
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value of goods and services a country producers in a year, including money flowing in and out
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Gross National Income per capita PPP
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proportion of ppl working in different sectors of a country's economy-3 sectors
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Employment Distribution
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resource extraction from the earth
Ex. Agriculture, Fishing, Forestry, Mining |
Primary Sector
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transform raw materials into finished products
Ex. processing raw materials, manufacturing goods, and construction |
Secondary Sector
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provide services
Ex. Transportation, Whole sale/retail, entertainment/tourism, education, medical/legal services, many more!!! |
Territory Sector
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changing a raw material to make it more useful, thus more valuable
(gross value-cost of material of raw materials and energy) |
Value Added
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shift in the concentration of a country's economic activity and employment
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Sectoral transformation
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a economic indicator usually, high percentage=farming by hand
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Percent of Labor Force in Agriculture
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health indicator of development
this the average number of yrs a person can expect to live |
Life expectancy
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a education indicator
percentage of adults who can read and write(gender gap exists in LDCs) |
Literacy Rate
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a education indicator
average for ppl over the age of 25 years old |
Mean Years of Schooling
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UN created Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index to recognize this...
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Uneven Development w/in Countries
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an indicator of development that modifies the HDI to account for inequality within a country; the lower the score, the greater the inequality
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Inequality-adjusted HDI
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operated by the state w/ goal of self-sufficiency
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Naturalized Industries
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foster domestic industry by imposing steep tariffs
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Import Substitution
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taxes put on imported goods
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Tariffs
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a country;s economy reliant on export of raw materials such as metal petroleum, ag products, etc
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Primary Export Dependency
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No value added, so lower prices
Big fluctuations in world market prices Dependence on MDCs for finished goods |
Disadvantages of Primary Export Dependency
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; a way to take control of petro prices
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OPEC
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a small group of members controlled supply, thus price
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Cartel
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rely on cheap labor to compete on world market
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Export-led Economic Growth Strategy
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Begun producing low-value toys, shoes, and clothing for exports in 1960s
Followed Japan lead Graduated to high=value and high-tech manufacturing Ex. electronics and cars |
South Korea Case Study
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Market Stagnation-hurt when MDCs economies slow and consumers buy less
Cheaper labor found in other countries by 1990s |
Disadvantages of Export-led Economic Growth
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deliberately cultivating plants or rearing animals
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Agriculture
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Produce for family and local markets
In LDCs where large percentage of labor force in ag Labor intensive-no machinery and low tech. Small farm sizes |
Subsistence Farming
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Produce to sell; may export
Mostly in MDCs where small percentage of labor force in ag Capital intensive-expensive machinery, fuel, chemicals, seeds Large farm sizes |
Commercial Farming
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East and Gulf Coasts
Plenty of percip. and long growing season |
Commercial Gardening
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fruits, veggies, and flowers
access to markets in large cities |
Horiculture
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alternate crops from year to year in same field to maintain soil
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Crop Rotation
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West
Semi-and climate-too dry for crops Beef cattle Enormous grazing areas on ranches or land leased from Fed. Govt |
Ranching
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California
Rainy, warm winters, relies on irrigation during hot, dry summers |
Mediterranean Agriculture
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Northern states(where growing seasons are short) and near large population concentrations
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Dairy Farming
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area around a city from which milk is supplied
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Milkshed
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Higher market price
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Value Added
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subsistence livestock herding in places too high and too dry for corps of livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep, horses, etc
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Pastoralism
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seasonal movement of livestock
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Transhumance
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allowing fields to lay fallow while growing crops in other fields
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Shifting Cultivation
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the cutting down and burning vegetation to add nutrients to soil and cant support large populations
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Slash-and-Burn
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seedlings planted in flat, flooded fields
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Wet Rice Farming
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two harvests in one field per year where climate allows
maybe be intensive subsistence or commercial |
Double Cropping
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Hillsides cut away to form flat beds to hold water
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Terracing
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large, commercial farms primarily specializing in luxury crops for export
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Plantation Farming
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Coffee, tea, tobacco, cacao, tropical fruits, sugarcane
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Luxury Crops
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This is common for many LDCs
Vulnerable to world market prices Neocolonial relationships w/ MDCs |
Primary Export Dependency
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home-based manufacturing
-small scale -spatially dispersed |
Cottage Industry
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England then quickly diffused to North America and Europe
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Hearth of Industrial Revolution
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Large-scale iron production
Mechanization of textile production Steam engine, steam ship, and railroad invented Interchangeable parts |
Innovations of Industrial Revolution
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1. Input (energy and raw materials)
2. Markets 3. Transportation costs 4. Labor |
Weber's Factors Influencing Industrial Location
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final producing weighing less than the inputs
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Bulk-reducing Industry
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processed near source of inputs
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Perishable-Input Industry
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located near markets (ex. milk and bread)
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Perishable-Product Industry
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final product gains volume and weight during production; located near market
Ex. Beer |
Bulk-Gaining Industry
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