Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
creeps/slumps
|
slow velocity
|
|
|
landslides/mudflows
|
moderate velocity
|
|
|
lahars/rockfall/avalanche
|
fast velocity
|
|
|
graded bedding
|
coarse sediments at bottom to fine sediments at top
|
|
|
stratification
|
parallel layers of sediment
|
|
|
cross-bedding
|
sets of bedded sediment at an angle to the horizon
|
|
|
dendridic stream drainage
|
flat, homogenic rock units
|
|
|
radial stream drainage
|
bent peak, steep topography at one point
|
|
|
rectangular stream drainage
|
joints/fault, strong joints at rock terrain, follows joints/ fractures
|
|
|
oldest rock type
|
igneous
|
|
|
sand
|
aquifer
|
|
|
shale
|
aquiclude
|
|
|
Richter scale
|
scale of 1-10 based on amplitude seismograms
|
|
|
Which earthquake scale is based on the observed affects on the land surface, structures, and interviews with people?
|
Modified Mercalli Scale
|
|
|
Cloudy (murky) water indicates what material being transported by water?
|
Suspended load
|
|
|
bed load
|
material on bottom
|
|
|
permeability
|
the ability to transmit liquid
|
|
|
strike
|
= horizontal
|
|
|
dip
|
= down
|
|
|
earthquakes
|
-mostly occur at plate boundaries
-time/location can be predicted -can be caused by normal, reverse, and strike slip faulting |
|
|
the driving force for plate techtonics:
|
convection
|
|
|
convection:
|
circulates heat and material in a solid mantle
|
|
|
accretion
|
body of lands come together
|
|
|
differentiation
|
layers melt at different densities
|
|
|
If an igneous rock sample is composed of large (> 1cm) visible crystals, what does this indicate about its rate of cooling?
|
slow cooling beneath surfaces
|
|
|
order of events that formed Eastern Washington:
|
1. eruption of columbia river
2. flooding lake missoula 3. formation of palouse |
|
|
reverse fault
|
headwall up
|
|
|
right/left lateral strike-slip
|
horizontal
|
|
|
normal fault
|
headwall down
|
|
|
Most stable geological setting from mass wasting occurs when:
|
beds dip into hillside
|
|
|
short term glacial functions:
|
-eccentrity of Earth's orbit
-tilt of Earth's access -precession/wobble of Earth's axis |
|
|
weathering
|
a process by which rocks are broken down at Earth's surface
|
|
|
Asthenosphere
|
strong outer shell formed by lithosphere for the plates and slips along the more ductile weak solid. this zone is composed of lower part of upper mantle
|
|
|
Besides earthquakes and volcanic eruptions what else is considered as triggers for initiating mass wasting?
|
human activity and heavy rain
|
|
|
What will happen to a glacier if there is more ablation than accumulation?
|
glacier front retreats
|
|
|
What sedimentary rock type do caves commonly form in?
|
limestone
|
|
|
Cone of Depression
|
The lowering of the water table near the well as a result of water being pumped out
|
|
|
How do we know the outercore is liquid?
|
By the s-waves shadow zone and the fact that shear waves do not drawer through
|
|
|
Water content is a factor that influences mass wasting:
|
-unsaturated (some water) holds particles together stronger than if they were no water
-dry sediments are only bound to each other by their size and friction between one another -water fills the pores between sediment and adds weight to surface |
|
|
Dissolution
|
a chemical weathering process responsible for enlarging fractures and creating caves
|
|
|
In a meandering stream, water moves fastest on the outside of the curve and lowest on the inside of the curve. The area of the stream where the deposition is:
|
Point Bar
|
|
|
Regional metamorphism is associated with what type of techtonic boundary?
|
convergent
|
|
|
What is the single controlling force for mass wasting?
|
gravity
|
|
|
What type of mass wasting is responsible for the tilting of fence posts and bending of tree trunks?
|
creep
|
|
|
cinder cone
|
materials ejected
|
|
|
shield volcano
|
flat, Hawaii
|
|
|
volcanic dome
|
mass amounts of felsic lava, st. helens
|
|
|
compositve volcano
|
mt ranier
|
|
|
caldera
|
crater lake
|
|
|
WA state volcano
|
convergent: ocean-continental
|
|
|
San Andrea fault
|
right lateral strike slip
|
|
|
Shale:
|
stops flow of contaminated water from entering deeper well
|
|
|
Best Aquiclude?
|
unfractured granite, no vesicles
|
|
|
Permeability
|
A measure of the connectedness between pores (allows water to flow through spaces in rock or sediment)
|
|
|
Scientific Method:
|
-hypothesis needs one person to form it
-a theory is a hypothesis that has withstood many scientific tests -scientific model can predict outcome of experiments **FALSE: theory which proven false, may not be rejected |
|
|
cinder cone
|
materials ejected
|
|
|
shield volcano
|
flat, Hawaii
|
|
|
volcanic dome
|
mass amounts of felsic lava, st. helens
|
|
|
compositve volcano
|
mt ranier
|
|
|
caldera
|
crater lake
|
|
|
WA state volcano
|
convergent: ocean-continental
|
|
|
San Andrea fault
|
right lateral strike slip
|
|
|
Shale:
|
stops flow of contaminated water from entering deeper well
|
|
|
Best Aquiclude?
|
unfractured granite, no vesicles
|
|
|
Permeability
|
A measure of the connectedness between pores (allows water to flow through spaces in rock or sediment)
|
|
|
Earthquakes:
|
-most occur at plate boundaries
-P waves travel faster than both S waves and surface waves -Earthquakes can be caused by normal, reverse, and strike-slip faulting ***FALSE: time and location of most major earthquakes can be predicted usually days in advance |
|
|
"Fallacy of Global Warming" video: How would one check to see if man had impact on Global climate?
|
need to look back at the last 100-200 years of recorded temperature records to see if climate has changed
|
|
|
"the Great Floods" movie: key piece of geological evidence that indicated the magnitude of water which carved out the channelled scablands of WA
|
giant ripples found in Montana
|
|
|
weathering
|
process by which rocks are broken down at earth's surface
|
|
|
Seismic waves
|
-used for oil and gas exploration
-used to image subsurface geology to locate structures (anticlines, synclines, faults) -both p and s waves form shadow zones -seismic waves are used for Earthquake detection |
|
|
Liquification
|
ground shook so hard that ground flowed
|
|
|
Earthquakes trigger
|
-intense ground shaking
-tsunami -landslide |
|
|
Alpine Glaciers
|
form on mountain slopes and are also known as mountain, niche, or cirque glaciers.
|
|
|
Valley glacier
|
alpine glacier that fills valley
|
|
|
Continental Glaciers
|
Continental glaciers are massive ice sheets that are very thick. Caps are ice sheets that are found at the poles. They are spread out from a center. Continental glaciers cover 10% of the earth's surface today. They can be found in Antarctica, the Arctic, and Greenland. In Greenland, continental glaciers area bout 1.5 miles thick. In Antarctica, the glaciers are about 3 miles thick. Many features were deposited by these glaciers. They remove loose rock. They smooth the bedrock and form features. These kinds of glaciers widen the valleys. Continental glaciers also erode away mountain peaks.
|
|
|
Mass Wasting
|
Classified by nature of material (consolidated or unconsolidated), speed, and nature of movement
Triggered by heavy rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, and human activity |
|
|
Creeps
|
long term process, the combination of small movement of soil or rock in different directions over time are directed my gravity gradually downslope.
|
|
|
Landslides
|
where mass movement has a defined zone or plane of sliding.
|
|
|
Flows
|
Movement of soil and regolith that more resembles fluid behavior is called a flow
|
|
|
Topples
|
are instances when blocks of rock pivot and fall away from a slope.
|
|
|
slump
|
A slipping of coherent rock material along the curved surface of a decline
|
|
|
Falls
|
where regolith cascades down a slope, but is not of sufficient volume or viscosity to behave as a flow.
|
|
|
What will minimize the affects that an earthquake has on your house?
|
Live away from plate boundaries
Build on solid rock rather than fill material Have building designed to withstand shaking Systems that automatically shut off gas lines during earthquakes to reduce risk of fires after earthquake |
|
|
in terms of ground movement, a magnitude 7 earthquake is approximately ______ times larger than the ground movement associated with a magnitude 5 earthquake
|
100
|
|
|
Earth is 4.6 billion years old (using absolute dating)
|
Formed by accretion of colliding chunks of matter in the solar system
Chunks are attracted to one another (gravity) |
|
|
A unifying theory for geology
|
There is a pattern to the earth’s features such as earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain chains
Their location is not random |
|
|
Theory of Plate Techtonics
|
The outer portion of the earth, the lithosphere, is broken into units called plates
The plates move Most geologic activity (such as earthquakes and volcanoes) is concentrated near plate boundaries Plate interiors are relatively quiet (less active) |
|
|
Lithosphere = crust + portion of upper mantle (solid)
|
outer most portion of the Earth
|
|
|
Asthenosphere
|
with the upper the upper mantle (partially molten)
|
|
|
Plate tectonics
|
the movement of the plates on the surface is the manifestation of the convection in the mantle
|
|
|
Plate boundaries are associated with seismic hazards
|
Coast – high seismic hazards – b/c plate boundaries
|
|
|
Strike-slip faults
|
side to side (horizontal) motion. Result of shear stress
|
|
|
Normal Fault
|
HW moves down. stress = tension (Extension <> )
|
|
|
Reverse Fault
|
HW moves up. stress = compression (Shorting > <)
|
|
|
anticline
|
(asymmetrical) :( oldest rocks found in the center
|
|
|
syncline
|
(symmetrical) :) youngest rocks found in the center
|
|
|
Minerals
|
Naturally occurring
Inorganic – no organic carbon Crystalline solid – atoms are arranged in a particular struture Specific chemical compound – contains particular elements in a set ratio |
|
|
Minerals form
|
Lower the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point
Liquids evaporate from a solution forming a supersaturated solution and results in precipitate. When atoms and ions in a solid become mobile and rearrange themselves at high temperature (>250C) |
|
|
intrusive
|
slow cooling and large crystals
|
|
|
Pacific plate/ Juan de Fuca plate
|
flux melting
|
|
|
extrusive
|
quick cooling, tiny crystals or glassy
|
|
|
mafic magma
|
high temperatures, low viscosity
|
|
|
intermediate magma
|
properties in between
|
|
|
felsic magma
|
lower temperatures, high viscosity (like toothpaste)
|
|
|
effusive volcanic eruptions
|
Gentle eruptions
Lava dominates Magma/lava flow in generally low in silica (mafic) Low viscosity Release gas Occur commonly at divergent boundaries and hot spots Kilauea, Hawaii, Mid-Atlantic Ridge |
|
|
pyroclastic volcanic eruptions
|
Violent eruptions
Lava high in silica (intermediate to Felsic) High viscosity Gas is trapped Occur at convergent boundaries and hot spots |
|
|
shield volcanoes
|
Central vent
Broad, large Mauna Loa, Hawaii – worlds largest volcano |
|
|
composite volcanoes
|
Central vent
Steep sided, large Composed of alternating lava flows and pyrcoclastics Cascade volcanoes |
|
|
flood basalts
|
Fissure eruption
Fluid lava (generally basalt) Flat layers Columbia River Basalts |
|
|
basaltic lava types
|
Aa
Pahoehoe |
|
|
weathering and erosion
|
Physical weathering – reduction in size
Chemical weathering – change in composition Erosion – transportation: solid particles . . .clastics by water, wind, ice and gravity Ions in solution . . .chemical |
|
|
absolute dating
|
determine event’s actual time
|
|
|
relative dating
|
putting rocks/events in proper order
|
|
|
principles of relative dating
|
Principle of original horizontality: sediments are deposited in horizontal beds
Principle of superposition: in an undisturbed sequence of rocks, each layer is younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it |
|
|
unconformities
|
markers of missing time
|
|
|
angular unconformity
|
between two sediments where one layer of sediment is at angle
|
|
|
disconformity
|
between two parallel sediments
|
|
|
sill
|
horizontal
|
|
|
dike
|
verticle
|
|
|
fault
|
cross-cuts all rock layers. Fault is younger than the rock layers its cuts through.
|
